feeding
Average annual
runoff, l/s·km2
10 regional series from Baltic States
Long-term regional series of temperature, precipitation and
runoff were normalized with reference to the period of 1961-
1990.
Precipitation and runoff were normalized by division with
mean values.
Temperature was normalized by subtraction with the mean
and division of the standard deviation.
The regional series
/media/ces/Kriauciuniene_Jurate_CES_2010.pdf
ice cap. Red, green and blue crosses represent mean winter balance val-
ues at stakes along profiles HN, HSA and HSV respectively within the altitude interval 1440–
1680 metres (cf. Fig. 2). Error bars indicate the standard deviation of the observations. Ob-
served values from individual snow stakes are from Sigurðsson et al. (2004), Sigurðsson and
Sigurðsson (1998) and Sigurðsson
/media/ces/Paper-Olafur-Rognvaldsson_91.pdf
game allows us to see whether reducing strategic uncertainty, i.e., communicat-
ing about others’ contributions to a public good, is Pareto-improving. In standard economic
theory, this type of information should be worthless. However, if individual preferences are
not those of risk-neutral homo-œconomicus, the experimental results will reveal whether
information that reduces strategic uncertainty
/media/loftslag/Public-Choice-2012---Teyssier---Inequity-and-risk-aversion-in-sequential-public-good-games.pdf
and cold wave
durations in summer and winter, duration of dry periods and fraction of very heavy precipitation
(exceeding 90th quantile) and its duration in summer. The definition of the indices is explained in
more detail below. To assess the robustness of simulated changes in the extremes the following
metrics are employed: signal-to-noise (a ratio between ensemble mean change and its standard/media/ces/CES_D2.4_VMGO.pdf
to provide overall better results within
the Icelandic forecast domain than other mesoscale models. However, based on the standard
model setup and parameterisations, there are systematic biases in 2-m air temperature and 10-m
wind speed over the land area of Iceland (de Rosnay et al. (2013), Pálmason et al. (2013); see
also the various experiments at http://brunnur.vedur.is/pub/bolli/harmonie/verif
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_005.pdf
of the three ice caps under consideration,
the horizontal displacement of the HRS and DMA DEMs
(40 m40 m spatial resolution) relative to the EMISAR
DEM (5 m5 m spatial resolution) was eliminated by
both maximizing the correlation and minimizing the
standard deviation of the elevation differences of ice-free
areas in the vicinity of the glaciers (gently sloping areas
within ca. 80800 m away
/media/ces/Gudmundsson-etal-2011-PR-7282-26519-1-PB.pdf
be categorised into:
Epistemic uncertainty, i.e. the uncertainty due to imperfect
knowledge.
can be estimated: e.g. by use of standard flood frequency anal
ysis on the basis of existing flow data. The (epistemic) uncer
tainty may be reduced by improving the data analysis,
making additional monitoring (longer time series) or by deep
ening our understanding of how the modelled system works
However
/media/loftslag/Refsgaard_etal-2007-Uncertainty-EMS.pdf
course for your work now or
in the future? 4,5
Course topics 4,2
Course format (disposition, lectures, exercise/volume) 3,9
Standard of teachers 4,0
Documentation and hands-outs 4,3
Organisation 4,7
How large was the new value for you? 3,8
To what extent did the course fulfil your expectations? 4,3
NOMEK 2009
11-15 May, Reykjavík, Iceland
Next course and outlook for the future
At the planning
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/NOMEK09_Report.pdf
incident solar radiation with observations. Red squares: the
baseline period (1971-2000) mean of the global radiation observed at Jokioinen in southwestern Fin-
land (60.8◦N, 23.5◦E) for each calendar month. The thick black curve: the corresponding quantity
as an average of the simulations performed with 18 global climate models. Grey shaded area: mean
± standard deviation of the simulations
/media/ces/CES_D2.4_solar_CMIP3.pdf