in sea surface level in the North Sea/Baltic Sea system
whereas changes in sea surface level coursed by tides is small with a range of less than 0.5 m.
Figur 1. Horsens Fjord catchment. WFD main catchment area is 794 km2
NONAM Risk Assessment and Stakeholder Investment. Multidisciplinary Workshop in Reykjavík 26 – 27 August 2010 2
Physical features and ecosystem
The fjord landscape
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level coursed by tides is small with a range of less than 0.5 m.
Figur 1. Horsens Fjord catchment. WFD main catchment area is 794 km2
NONAM Summerschool Copenhagen 22-26 August 2011 2
Physical features and ecosystem
The fjord landscape is formed by glacial deposits. The average depth is 5 meters and the residence time
of water in the fjord is about 20 days. As to tidal variations
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distribution of anthropogenic climate changes, largely following Räisänen and
Ruokolainen (2008a,b). The main features of this procedure are as follows:
x Model simulations of 20th and 21st century climate change are used to develop linear
regression equations that relate the local temperature or precipitation climate to a
smoothed (11-year running mean) evolution of the global mean
/media/ces/CES_D2.4_task1.pdf
of high
resolution airborne lidar imagery as a method to derive glacier velocity for slower moving,
smaller ice masses, using surveys of Midre Lovenbreen, NW Svalbard, from 2003 and 2005.
These data were used by Rees and Arnold (2007) to calculate preliminary estimates of the
glacier velocity. We use three methods; manual delineation of visible features (e.g. supra-
glacial streams, crevasse
/media/vatnafar/joklar/Reykholt-abstracts.pdf
of reverse (or “upward”)
modelling. This step is intended to remove effects of local terrain features and obstacles from
measured wind data, or of model orography and surface type from simulated winds. The result
is a regional wind climate for the entire domain, which is an approximation of the wind above
the boundary layer. The main parameterisations of boundary-layer wind conditions employed in
WAsP
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the two main faults. Main tectonic features are
also shown (after Einarsson and Sæmundsson, 1987).
1.1 Tectonics of Southwest Iceland
The south Iceland seismic zone is a 70 to 80 km long and 10 to 15 km wide left-lateral
shear zone which takes up the transform motion between the oblique Reykjanes Peninsula
(RP) rift zone and the western volcanic zone and the eastern volcanic zone
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(Sigmundsson et al., 1995), where spreading rate decreases southwards (LaFemina et
al., 2005; Geirsson et al., 2006, Árnadóttir et al., 2008) to the volcanic flank zone, which
has poorly developed extensional features (Sæmundsson, 1979). The Eyjafjallajökull
volcano is situated in this flank zone (Figure 1). Partly covered by an ice cap, the volcano
rises 1666 m a.s.l. and has a prominent ridge
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associated with such a local analysis, it should be stressed that
these results are based on output from relatively coarse-resolution global climate models.
These models are not skilful in simulating such small-scale features in climate change that
might be associated with the details of the regional land-sea distribution and orography (the
effects of which are expected to be captured better by regional
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