scenario, precipitation increased by 10–15% from 1961–90 to
2070–99, and by 5–10% for the lower emitting scenarios (corresponding to approximately 0.5–1%
per decade).
The CE project also examined RCM results for Iceland based on the HIRHAM model (Haugen and
Iversen, 2006). These results showed enhanced warming over the interior of Iceland compared with
the coastal zone, and a tendency for enhanced
/media/ces/2010_005_.pdf
) and Jónsdóttir (2008).
Therefore, comparison of measured and simulated water balance cannot be di-
rectly used for validation of the model-generated precipitation. According to the
non-scaled MM5 output for the period 1961–1990, mean precipitation for the
whole of Iceland was 1790 mm y−1. After scaling the precipitation, this value
was reduced to 1750mm y−1, i.e. by approximately 2%. This difference
/media/ces/Paper-Olafur-Rognvaldsson_92.pdf
are largest. Positive sensible heat fluxes also occur over
the interior regions of Vatnajökull and Hofsjökull at around noon on 27 July, due to the cold
northeasterly flow over the glaciers (see Figure 10). However, along the edges and on the other
icecaps, sensible heat fluxes under clear skies are directed from the atmosphere to the snow. On 3
August, with clear skies, weak winds, and with above freezing
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_006.pdf
m
J
M5 [C°] -3
obs. [C°] -4
nce 1
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temperatu
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/media/ces/2010_017.pdf
In Chapter 3 we focus on the following monthly averages: Near-surface 2 meter temperature
(TAS), total precipitation (TP), and sea ice cover (SI). In Chapter 4 we add surface air
pressure (PSL) and snow cover thickness (SNCT). The following daily fields will be studied
as well: Near-surface wind speeds, (U and V sfcWind), maximum near-surface 2 meter
temperature (TASMAX), minimum mean-surface 2 meter/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2017/VI_2017_009.pdf
at each site i with the same method used to estimate qR(D;T ), but instead of pooling
AMF series for a given duration D from different sites, the estimation is made individually for
each site i by pooling AMF series for different durations D (see Crochet, 2012c). The index
flood µi(D), is modeled at each site i as a continuous function of D, as follows:
µi(D) =
µi
1+(D=Di)li
; (5)
where µi, Di/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_001.pdf
Veðurstofa Íslands
2 Almannavarnadeild Ríkislögreglustjóra
3 Jarðvísindastofnun Háskólans
4 Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Bologna
5 Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Pisa
6 Jarðvísindadeild Háskóla Íslands
7 Agricultural University of Iceland
8 Consultant
Skýrsla nr. Dags. ISSN Opin Lokuð
VÍ 2020-011 Desember 2020 1670-8261 Skilmálar:
Heiti skýrslu
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_011_en.pdf
The hydrological simulations were performed with the Wa-
tershed Simulation and Forecasting System (WSFS) developed
and operated in the Finnish Environment Institute (Vehviläinen
et al., 2005). The WSFS is used in Finland for operational hydrolog-
ical forecasting and flood warnings (www.environment.fi/water-
forecast/), regulation planning and research purposes
(Vehviläinen and Huttunen, 1997
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf