model setup are typically too large by up to an order of magnitude.
This, combined with strong forcing at the model boundaries, results in a systematic spatial bias in
low-level wind speed, with too strong winds in coastal regions, and too weak winds in the interior.
Figure 5 shows a comparison of average wind speed at 10 mAGL between the WRF model and
station measurements. Model data is interpolated
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2013/2013_001_Nawri_et_al.pdf
of use.
Users with ISDN connections to the internet seem as satisfied as other users. This suggests that reduced speed does not affect the actual use of IMO's web-site, although somewhat aggravating to those already accustomed to greater speed.
The next step, according to the original analysis of needs and demands, is to design and implement a lighter version of the web-site for mobile phones
/about-imo/the-web/awards_and_press/
potential is projected for more than 100 years. The
changes in runoff, discharge seasonality and water
courses imply modifications in design assumptions
and changes in the operating environment of hydro‐
power plants and other hydrological infrastructure
such as bridges and roads.
Figure 2: a) Measured bedrock of Langjökull and Hofsjökull
ice caps. b
/media/ces/ces_flyer_glacierssnowandice.pdf
of the glaciers has little effect on these
conclusions in the short term but becomes important in the second
half of the 21st century.
• The runoff change may be important for the design and operation of
hydroelectric power plants and other utilisation of water
• Detailed mass balance and dynamic modelling may be used to
estimate runoff changes in individual watersheds
• There is a large
/media/ces/Johannesson_Thomas_CES_2010.pdf
often need to be taken with long time periods in mind. Investments in road design or the
dimensions of sewerage systems are influenced by conditions over the lifetime of the capital,
which is measured in decades. Since conditions at the end of the period are highly uncertain,
political and economic concerns can exclude adaptation options. However, non-climate proof-
ing of investments with a long
/media/loftslag/2012-Refsgaard_etal-uncertainty_climate-change-adaptation-MITI343.pdf
c
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
6
5
8
P
a
t
r
i
c
k
D
r
i
s
c
o
l
l
D
e
n
m
a
r
k
C
i
v
i
l
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
7 78 Anja Wejs Denmark
Environmental
management
8 93 Tommy Chan Finland Forest sciences
9 140 Karoliina Pilli-Sihvola Finland
E viro me tal
economics
10 147 Jussi Ylhäisi Finland Meteorology
11 (new) Karen Lundgren Sweden
Engineering &
Design
12 (new) Väinö Nurmi Finland Economics
13
/media/loftslag/programme2---PhD-Workshop-preceding-Adaptation-Research-Conference.pdf
scenario, precipitation increased by 10–15% from 1961–90 to
2070–99, and by 5–10% for the lower emitting scenarios (corresponding to approximately 0.5–1%
per decade).
The CE project also examined RCM results for Iceland based on the HIRHAM model (Haugen and
Iversen, 2006). These results showed enhanced warming over the interior of Iceland compared with
the coastal zone, and a tendency for enhanced
/media/ces/2010_005_.pdf
)
Key features of adaptive
management
Tripple loop learning
Pahl-Wostl et al. 2010 Analysing complex water governance regimes: The management and transition framework ESP 13, 571-581
Steps in policy cycle
• In problem definition take into
account different perspectives in
participatory processes
• Scenario analysis in design of
policies – strategies that perform
well under different possible
/media/loftslag/Henriksen-AM.pdf