of the river network, km/km2
• The density of the micro river network, km/km2
• Monthly average temperature, °C
• Annual precipitation, mm
• Snow cover duration, days
• River feeding sources
• Snow melt, %
• Groundwater, %
• Rainfall, %
• Average annual runoff, l/s·km2
• Runoff of the drought/dry period, l/s·km2
Forest cover, %
Annual
precipitation,
mm
Snow cover
duration, days
Sources of rivers
/media/ces/Kriauciuniene_Jurate_CES_2010.pdf
was 0.1–0.2 C and the flow was 40–50 l/s (Árni Hjartarson,
2015).
The inner Efri-Botnar area is similar to the outer cirque, but the thickness of the debris appears
to be somewhat greater. There are ridges and lateral glacier moraines within the cirque and the
thickness of the piles of loose materials near the mouth of the cirque is around 6–8 m. Glacier
striations from the end of the last ice age can
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2016/VI_2016_006_rs.pdf
with terrain elevation above mean sea level. Additionally, the vertical dependence of
seasonally averaged temperature within the boundary layer atmosphere is well approximated by
a linear profile. Temperature as a function of height, x , above mean sea level can therefore be
written as
T (x ) =
(
T0 +LTx for 0 x h
T0 +LT h+L(x h) for h x h+ z ;
(6)
where T0 is air temperature at mean sea level, LT
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2013/2013_001_Nawri_et_al.pdf
ÁRSSKÝRSL A 2018
2
Á R S S K Ý R S L A 2 0 1 8
3 Frá forstjóra
4 Veðurstofan 2009–2019
12 Náttúrufar
18 Rannsóknir
20 Fjármál og rekstur
22 Ritaskrá starfsmanna
?Veðurstofa Íslands 2019
Bústaðavegi 7–9, 108 Reykjavík
ISSN 2251-5607
Efni ársskýrslunnar var unnið af starfsmönnum
Veðurstofu Íslands
Ritstjórn: Sigurlaug Gunnlaugsdóttir
Hönnun og umbrot: Hvíta húsið
Prentun: Prentmet
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/arsskyrslur/VI_Arsskyrsla_2018_vef.pdf
Cooperation and
Development, Paris, 2006).
2. R. H. Webb, J. L. Betancourt, U.S. Geol. Surv. Water-
Supply Paper 2379, 1 (1992).
3. C. A. Woodhouse, S. T. Gray, D. M. Meko, Water Resour.
Res. 42, W05415 (2006).
4. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in
Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis,
Contribution of Working Group (WG) 1 to the Fourth
Assessment Report of the IPCC (AR4
/media/loftslag/Milly_etal-2008-Stationarity-dead-Science.pdf
and our intention is to run these models dur-
ing times of hazardous events and even on a daily
basis to further improve monitoring.
Avalanche monitoring has progressed. The em-
phasis is now on improving our services, especially
to the Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration
with regard to transport. The reason is that com-
munity structure has changed considerably in recent
years and the need
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/arsskyrslur/VED_AnnualReport-2013_screen.pdf
balance data from all the ice caps.
REFERENCES
Björnsson, H., Pálsson F., Guðmundsson M. T. and Haraldsson H. 1998. Mass
balance of western and northern Vatnajökull, Iceland, 1991–1995, Jökull, 45,
35–58.
Björnsson, H., Pálsson F. and Haraldsson H. 2002. Mass balance of Vatnajökull
(1991–2001) and Langjökull (1996–2001), Iceland. Jökull, 51, 75–78.
Bromwich, D. H., Bai L. and Bjarnason G. G. 2005
/media/ces/Paper-Olafur-Rognvaldsson_91.pdf
developments (European Commission, Directorate-General for Research, Publication EUR 23339, 2009, ISBN 978-92-79-08885-8, ISSN 1018-5593, DOI 10.2777/12871. Edited by T. Jóhannesson, P. Gauer, P. Issler and K. Lied. Contributions by M. Barbolini, U. Domaas, T. Faug, P. Gauer, K. M. Hákonardóttir, C. B. Harbitz, D. Issler, T. Jóhannesson, K. Lied, M. Naaim, F. Naaim-Bouvet and L. Rammer) (pdf 1.6 Mb; high
/avalanches/imo/protective/