-473.
Gabriel, D., S. M. Sait, J. A. Hodgson, U. Schmutz,
W. E. Kunin, and T. G. Benton. 2010. Scale matters:
the impact of organic farming on biodiversity at
different spatial scales. Ecology Letters 13
(7):858-869.
Gibson, C. C., E. Ostrom, and T. K. Ahn. 2000. The
concept of scale and the human dimensions of global
change: a survey. Ecological Economics 32:217-239.
Hare, M., and P. Deadman
/media/loftslag/Kok_and_Veldkamp_editorial_ES-2011-4160.pdf
leads to
c =
h1u1 h2u2
h1 h2
: (3.2)
Using the Manning equation for discharge per unit width, q,
q =
1
n0
hR2=3H S
1=2
0 ; (3.3)
where n0 is the Manning coefficient, h is the flow depth, RH is the hydraulic radius
and S0 is mean channel slope; the relationships: u h2=3, q h5=3 and u q2=5 can
18
be derived for a wide rectangular channel for which RH h and u = q=h. Now using
u1h1 = q1, u2h2
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf
all sites was calculated (RMSET ):
RMSET (%) =
1
N
N
i=1
v
uu
t1
L
L
l=1
Qi(D;Tl) bQi(D;Tl)
Qi(D;Tl)
2
x100 (7)
where Qi(D;Tl) is the reference flood quantile at gauged site i and return period Tl , calculated
with the GEV distribution fitted to the observed AMF series and bQi(D;Tl) is the estimated flood
quantile, calculated with the IFM ( bQi(D;T ) = bµi(D)qR(D;T )). RMSET was ranked
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_009.pdf
− �1 + �
−
��
−1 ⁄
where x is the threshold excess, u is the threshold, σ the scale parameter and ξ the shape
parameter. Note that ξ is equal to the shape parameter of the corresponding GEV distribution.
Return level r is defined as the value that is exceeded once every m observations and can be
calculated as follows:
= �
+
�()
− 1
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_008.pdf
J. Roberts
Tinna Þórarinsdóttir
VÍ 2022-006
Skýrsla
+3 5 4 522 6000
vedur@ve d u r.i s
Veðursto f a Ísland s
B ú sta ð a rve g u r 7–9
108 Reyk j a vík
Contents
1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 4
2 STUDY AREA
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2022/VI_2022_006_extreme.pdf
24 July 2010
This manuscript was handled by K.
Georgakakos, Editor-in-Chief, with the
assistance of Ercan Kahya, Associate Editor
Keywords:
Climate change
Flood
Hydrological modelling
Flood inundation area
Hydraulic modelling
Finland
s u m m a r y
This paper provides a general overview of changes in flooding caused by climate change in Finland for the
periods 2010–2039 and 2070–2099. Changes
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf