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Gabriel, D., S. M. Sait, J. A. Hodgson, U. Schmutz,
W. E. Kunin, and T. G. Benton. 2010. Scale matters:
the impact of organic farming on biodiversity at
different spatial scales. Ecology Letters 13
(7):858-869.
Gibson, C. C., E. Ostrom, and T. K. Ahn. 2000. The
concept of scale and the human dimensions of global
change: a survey. Ecological Economics 32:217-239.
Hare, M., and P. Deadman
/media/loftslag/Kok_and_Veldkamp_editorial_ES-2011-4160.pdf
Manage- Basic Purchase Road Road net- Const- Acquisi- Govern- Com- Participati- Value Miscel- Total 2009
ment and road of equip- system work post- ruction tion of ment missi- on of the added laneous cost
operating manage- ment develop- poned-, of land grants ons European tax over- level
costs ment ment comprehen- build- and com- Regional De- heads
1991- 1991- sive- and ings pensation
/media/loftslag/Traffc-maintenance_expenditures.pdf
− �1 + �
−
��
−1 ⁄
where x is the threshold excess, u is the threshold, σ the scale parameter and ξ the shape
parameter. Note that ξ is equal to the shape parameter of the corresponding GEV distribution.
Return level r is defined as the value that is exceeded once every m observations and can be
calculated as follows:
= �
+
�()
− 1
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_008.pdf
J. Roberts
Tinna Þórarinsdóttir
VÍ 2022-006
Skýrsla
+3 5 4 522 6000
vedur@ve d u r.i s
Veðursto f a Ísland s
B ú sta ð a rve g u r 7–9
108 Reyk j a vík
Contents
1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 4
2 STUDY AREA
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2022/VI_2022_006_extreme.pdf
of glaciers to climate change - case studies on Storglaciären and Hofsjökull. Presented at the European Conference on Impacts of Climate Change on Renewable Energy Sources, Reykjavik, Iceland, June 5-9. [Extended abstract]
Hock, R., Jansson, P., & Braun, L. (2005). Modelling the response of mountain glacier discharge to climate warming. In U. M. Huber, H. K. M. Bugmann & M. A. Reasoner (Eds.), Global
/climatology/research/ce/publications/
i=1
1
L
L
l=1
Qi(D;Tl) bQi(D;Tl)
Qi(D;Tl)
x100; (13)
RMSET (%) =
1
N
N
i=1
v
uu
t1
L
L
l=1
Qi(D;Tl) bQi(D;Tl)
Qi(D;Tl)
2
x100; (14)
where Qi(D;Tl) is the reference flood quantile at gauged site i and return period Tl , calculated
with the GEV distribution from the observed AMF series and bQi(D;Tl) is the estimated flood
quantile, calculated with the index flood method, (Eq. 1).
15
4
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_001.pdf
50 years. The quality of the estimation was evaluated by cal-
culating the relative root mean squared error of the quantile estimates for each site, and then the
average over all sites was calculated (RMSET ):
RMSET (%) =
1
N
N
i=1
v
uu
t1
L
L
l=1
Qi(D;Tl) bQi(D;Tl)
Qi(D;Tl)
2
x100 (9)
where Qi(D;Tl) is the reference flood quantile at gauged site i and return period Tl , calculated
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_007.pdf
/lexuriserv/lexuriserv.do?uri=com:2007:0002:FIN:EN:PDF, 13
April 2009.
[2] WTO, World Tourism Organization (2008): “Climate Change and Tourism -
Responding to Global Challenges”, UNWTO, 9 July 2008, Madrid, Spain.
Available at:
http://www.unwto.org/media/news/en/press_det.php?id=1411&idioma=E, 7
March 2010.
[3] Mooney, J.E. y Miller, M.L. (2009): “Climate change: Creating demand for
sustainable
/media/loftslag/ECONOMIC_EFFECTS_OF_CLIMATE_CHANGE_ON_THE_TOURISM_SECTOR_IN_SPAIN.pdf