-473.
Gabriel, D., S. M. Sait, J. A. Hodgson, U. Schmutz,
W. E. Kunin, and T. G. Benton. 2010. Scale matters:
the impact of organic farming on biodiversity at
different spatial scales. Ecology Letters 13
(7):858-869.
Gibson, C. C., E. Ostrom, and T. K. Ahn. 2000. The
concept of scale and the human dimensions of global
change: a survey. Ecological Economics 32:217-239.
Hare, M., and P. Deadman
/media/loftslag/Kok_and_Veldkamp_editorial_ES-2011-4160.pdf
− �1 + �
−
��
−1 ⁄
where x is the threshold excess, u is the threshold, σ the scale parameter and ξ the shape
parameter. Note that ξ is equal to the shape parameter of the corresponding GEV distribution.
Return level r is defined as the value that is exceeded once every m observations and can be
calculated as follows:
= �
+
�()
− 1
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_008.pdf
J. Roberts
Tinna Þórarinsdóttir
VÍ 2022-006
Skýrsla
+3 5 4 522 6000
vedur@ve d u r.i s
Veðursto f a Ísland s
B ú sta ð a rve g u r 7–9
108 Reyk j a vík
Contents
1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 4
2 STUDY AREA
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2022/VI_2022_006_extreme.pdf
which are significantly lower com-
pared with similar beginning and end years. Consequently, for the 2004–50 period, the average
RCM warming rates of 0.29 K per decade over the ocean, and 0.35 K per decade over the land are
somewhat larger than for the reduced IPCC ensemble mean.
Additionally, the tabulated values of SAT differences between the 1961–90 control period and
either the 2021–50
/media/ces/2010_005_.pdf
level, surveys commissioned by the European Com-
munity/the European Union provide an indication of trends in concern about cli-
mate change. Since 1992, such surveys have been undertaken among representative
samples of citizens in its Member States, and specifically on topics related to the
environment (Special Eurobarometers (EB) in 1992, 1995, 2002; and a Flash EB
in 2002). These have included
/media/loftslag/Lorenzoni_Pidgeon_2006.pdf
of glaciers to climate change - case studies on Storglaciären and Hofsjökull. Presented at the European Conference on Impacts of Climate Change on Renewable Energy Sources, Reykjavik, Iceland, June 5-9. [Extended abstract]
Hock, R., Jansson, P., & Braun, L. (2005). Modelling the response of mountain glacier discharge to climate warming. In U. M. Huber, H. K. M. Bugmann & M. A. Reasoner (Eds.), Global
/climatology/research/ce/publications/
i=1
1
L
L
l=1
Qi(D;Tl) bQi(D;Tl)
Qi(D;Tl)
x100; (13)
RMSET (%) =
1
N
N
i=1
v
uu
t1
L
L
l=1
Qi(D;Tl) bQi(D;Tl)
Qi(D;Tl)
2
x100; (14)
where Qi(D;Tl) is the reference flood quantile at gauged site i and return period Tl , calculated
with the GEV distribution from the observed AMF series and bQi(D;Tl) is the estimated flood
quantile, calculated with the index flood method, (Eq. 1).
15
4
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_001.pdf
50 years. The quality of the estimation was evaluated by cal-
culating the relative root mean squared error of the quantile estimates for each site, and then the
average over all sites was calculated (RMSET ):
RMSET (%) =
1
N
N
i=1
v
uu
t1
L
L
l=1
Qi(D;Tl) bQi(D;Tl)
Qi(D;Tl)
2
x100 (9)
where Qi(D;Tl) is the reference flood quantile at gauged site i and return period Tl , calculated
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_007.pdf