thermal oceanic expansion and melting of ice on land, and climate variability
such as wind forcing changes caused by NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) or El Niño variability
(Quante and Colijn, 2016; Rhein et al., 2013). Of the observed 20th century global mean sea level
rise,
75% can be traced back to the combined effects of thermal expansion of the ocean and the
melting of glaciers. The proportional
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