in an overall
cold bias, compared with station measurements. To test, whether this is due to the HARMONIE
model core or the external surface scheme, biases of 2-m temperature from SURFEX are com-
pared with biases of temperature projected from the lowest two model levels to 2 mAGL. It is
found that the negative temperature biases are due to shallow inversion layers near the ground,
which are introduced
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_005.pdf
improving
management policies and practices by learning from the
outcomes of implemented management strategies. Partici-
patory integrated assessment is here a form of problem
structuring for identification of gaps, ambiguity and
multiple frames, confrontation, and integration of the
most divergent views with respect to a given problem
situation.
Additional methods and tools that AM require com/media/loftslag/Henriksen_Barlebo-2008-AWM_BBN-Journ_Env_Management.pdf
when the spring floods decreased and autumn
and winter floods increased.
The differences between the scenarios were estimated by com-
paring the average changes of the scenarios (marked with dia-
monds in Fig. 5). The differences between different emission
scenarios with the same GCM were rather small; the average
changes in floods differed on average by 1.7% units in 2070–
2099. The B1 scenario
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
) and are
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data providers (SONEL, n.d.).
The North Sea is home to one of the most dense tide gauge networks in the world, with over 15 tide
gauge series that span at least 100 years along its coastline (Quante and Colijn, 2016). In Denmark,
17
the national tide gauge network consists of 90 automatic stations run in cooperation of the Danish
Meteorological
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_005.pdf
). The accu-
mulation zone is a part of the eastern sector of the ice cap
between two mountain ranges, the subglacial Breiðabunga
and Goðahnúkar, at 1350–1450 m elevation. From the ac-
cumulation area, the ice flows in two branches, west and
east of the central nunatak Nýju Núpar. The branches meet
below the nunatak and the ice is funnelled through a 2 km
wide ice fall at 600–700 m elevation where
/media/ces/Adalgeirsdottir-etal-tc-5-961-2011.pdf
andEnergy Directorate (NVE), Oslo, Norway2Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Norway3Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Andreassen, L. and Oerlemans, J., 2009: Modelling long-term
summer and winter balances and the climate sensitivity of Stor-breen, Norway. Geogr. Ann. 91 A (4): 233–251.
ABSTRACT. Measurements of winter balance (bw
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the maximum discharge of jökulhlaup water at the glacier
terminus is estimated as 97 m3 s 1. This jökulhlaup was a fast-rising jökulhlaup as
other jökulhlaups in Skaftá and cannot be described by the traditional Nye-theory of
jökulhlaups. The total volume of flood water was estimated as 53 Gl. The average
propagation speed of the subglacial jökulhlaup flood front was found to be in the range
0.2–0.4 m s 1
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf
at the operational/local level.
A calibrated approach (standardized questionnaires and
interviews, expert judgment, and reinterpretation of out-
comes by means of relevant literature) was used to com-
pare the state of affairs in water management in the
selected case-studies.
Adaptive and integrated water management
Given the expected increase of climate-related extreme
events, water governance capabilities
/media/loftslag/Huntjens_etal-2010-Climate-change-adaptation-Reg_Env_Change.pdf
for Iceland were made. The CE
project used an ensemble of six GCMs and RCMs from the PRUDENCE project for four different
emissions scenarios (B1, B2, A2, and A1FI) developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC). The GCMs used by the CE project showed more warming during winter than
summer. During winter, the median projected warming from 1961–90 to 2070–99 ranged from
3–6 K, and from 2
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