absolute errors (MAEs) are listed in Table 1. For
temperature, the overall bias in January is reduced by 86%, with a reduction in overall MAE of
17%. For wind speed, the overall January bias is reduced by 74%, with a reduction in overall
MAE of 9%. Both, for temperature and wind speed, the main benefit of the correction procedure
is a reduction of differences between monthly mean values. Mean absolute
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_005.pdf
Journal of Environmental Management 88
Heid
, Øste
d
e
A broad range of tools are available for integrated water resource management (IWRM). In the EU research project NeWater, a
Human dependence on water leaves us vulnerable to
climate change, flood and drought hazards, and poverty
dynamic element of vulnerable groups and their relation-
ship to water resources, and to represent the decisions
/media/loftslag/Henriksen_Barlebo-2008-AWM_BBN-Journ_Env_Management.pdf
) Finland the spring flood peaks are
currently by far the largest floods and as they mostly decreased
with climate change the magnitude of the annual 2 and 100-year
floods decreased. In the north (Fig. 8a) some scenarios still pro-
duced large spring floods in 2070–2099. In southern Finland (in
the coastal rivers Fig. 8e and in the lake area Fig. 8d) large floods
occurred not only in spring but also
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
) and are
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data providers (SONEL, n.d.).
The North Sea is home to one of the most dense tide gauge networks in the world, with over 15 tide
gauge series that span at least 100 years along its coastline (Quante and Colijn, 2016). In Denmark,
17
the national tide gauge network consists of 90 automatic stations run in cooperation of the Danish
Meteorological
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_005.pdf
at Hólar in Hornafjörður and precipitation at Fagurhólsmýri
as an input. With a temperature gradient of 0.56 ◦C per
100 m and the degree-day factors ddfs = 4.45 mm◦w.e.C−1 d−1
and ddfi = 5.30 mm◦w.e.C−1 d−1, the model explains 92 % and
95 % of the variance of the winter and summer balance at S-
Vatnajökull, respectively (Jóhannesson et al., 2007).
Another model calibration of the degree-day factors
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andEnergy Directorate (NVE), Oslo, Norway2Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Norway3Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Andreassen, L. and Oerlemans, J., 2009: Modelling long-term
summer and winter balances and the climate sensitivity of Stor-breen, Norway. Geogr. Ann. 91 A (4): 233–251.
ABSTRACT. Measurements of winter balance (bw
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was therefore formed
by ice lifting and deformation induced by subglacial water pressures higher than ice
overburden pressure.
The discharge data and the derived size of the subglacial flood path, as indicated
by the volume of water stored subglacially, indicates a development towards more
efficient subglacial flow over the course of the jökulhlaup. Thus, a discharge in the
iii
range 80–90 m3 s 1
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf
at the operational/local level.
A calibrated approach (standardized questionnaires and
interviews, expert judgment, and reinterpretation of out-
comes by means of relevant literature) was used to com-
pare the state of affairs in water management in the
selected case-studies.
Adaptive and integrated water management
Given the expected increase of climate-related extreme
events, water governance capabilities
/media/loftslag/Huntjens_etal-2010-Climate-change-adaptation-Reg_Env_Change.pdf
for Iceland were made. The CE
project used an ensemble of six GCMs and RCMs from the PRUDENCE project for four different
emissions scenarios (B1, B2, A2, and A1FI) developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC). The GCMs used by the CE project showed more warming during winter than
summer. During winter, the median projected warming from 1961–90 to 2070–99 ranged from
3–6 K, and from 2
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