), most of the earthquakes (80%)
occur in the upper crust down to 17 km in depth, a minority (19%) in the middle crust (17-31 km) and
only a few in the lower crust 31-45 km (1%) [1]. The seismogenic layer is less than 30 km in depth.
The layer seems to be rather uniform across Fennoscandia. We suggest that the middle to lower crustal
boundary may add compositional and rheological constraints
/media/norsem/norsem_korja.pdf
cubic kilometers of water), or a total of 540 ± 130 Gt. This corresponds
to 16 ± 4% of the volume of the glaciers around 1890. About half of this mass
was lost from 1994 to 2019 or 240 ± 20 Gt, which is about 9.6 ± 0.8 Gt / year
on average during that period. Vatnajökull has thinned by 45 m on average in
the period 1890–2019, Langjökull by 66 m and Hofsjökull by 56 m. This corresponds
/about-imo/news/new-article-on-glacier-changes-in-iceland-over-the-past-130-years
–1990 and 2071–
2100 was assumed with the greatest warming in the
spring and fall. Precipitation changes are compara‐
tively small, with up to 10–20% average increase in the
fall between these periods but little change in other
seasons. The simulations are started from 1990.
The simulated rate of retreat is similar for Hofsjökull
and Vatnajökull, but much faster
/media/ces/ces_flyer_glacierssnowandice.pdf
supported by the
majority of responses to one of the quantitative
questions (to which 13 out of 20 participants
responded on a five-point Likert scale—strongly
agree, agree, neither agree or disagree, disagree,
strongly disagree), where 11 respondents “agreed”
that the activities in the workshop helped them to
share their views and opinions with others, and the
other two “neither agreed nor disagreed
/media/loftslag/Moellenkampetal_etal-2010.pdf
on the European level [e.g.
Water Framework Directive (Directive 2000/60/EC),
Common Agricultural Policy, etcetera], except for the
Ukrainian part of the Tisza. However, the Ukraine shows
strong incentives to enter the EU community and thus the
EU acquis communautaire is used as key reference for the
development of its water management principles. It was
nevertheless decided to select two case-studies
/media/loftslag/Huntjens_etal-2010-Climate-change-adaptation-Reg_Env_Change.pdf
and Irrigationa
Scenario Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Current 101 85 59 13 6 4 1 6 39 79 8497A2 145 132 73 10 10 7 6 8 4 75 92 123
B2 137 119 75 16 6 6 6 5 21 74 110 141
aValues are in millimeters.
10 of 18
W00A15 VAN ROOSMALEN ET AL.: CLIMATE AND LAND USE CHANGE W00A15
time and larger area where groundwater levels rise above
the drain levels. Table 6 shows the mean discharges
/media/loftslag/vanRoosmalen_etal-2009-WRR_2007WR006760.pdf
estimation. NVE Report No. 1 - 2009, ISBN 978-82-410-0680-7; 44 p.
Meilutyté-Barauskiene, D. (2009) Impact of Climate Change on Runoff of the Lithuanian Rivers, Summary of Doctoral Dissertation, Technological Science. Environmental Engineering (04T). Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuanian Energy Institute.
Roald, L.A., Hisdal, H. & Lawrence, D. (2009). Hydrologi og skred før, nå og i fremtiden. I
/ces/publications/nr/1938
ANN−10
−5
0
5
10
15
20
delta w (%
)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17C
h
a
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g
e
i
n
g
e
o
s
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o
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w
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(
%
)
Change in wind over the Baltic Sea in 70 years time at the time of CO2-doubling
Chen and Aschberger, 2006
17
CM
IP
G
CM
s
A need for regional ensemble simulations
head2right Changes are uncertain
head2right Size and sometimes even sign
/media/ces/Kjellstrom_Erik_CES_2010.pdf
HYDROPOWER IN ICELAND
Impacts and adaption in future climate
Authors
Óli Grétar Blöndal Sveinsson (Phd)
Úlfar Linnet (MSc)
Elías B. Elíasson (MSc)
Landsvirkjuns system
•Installed power 1850 MW
• 96 % Hydroelectricity
• 4% Geothermal
•Production capacity 13 TWh/a
•Customer base
• 86 % Large industries
• 14 % Small businesses / Household
•No connection to other countries
•Reliability a major
/media/ces/Linnet_Ulfar_CES_2010.pdf