Journal of Environmental Management 88
Heid
, Øste
d
e
A broad range of tools are available for integrated water resource management (IWRM). In the EU research project NeWater, a
Human dependence on water leaves us vulnerable to
climate change, flood and drought hazards, and poverty
dynamic element of vulnerable groups and their relation-
ship to water resources, and to represent the decisions
/media/loftslag/Henriksen_Barlebo-2008-AWM_BBN-Journ_Env_Management.pdf
) Finland the spring flood peaks are
currently by far the largest floods and as they mostly decreased
with climate change the magnitude of the annual 2 and 100-year
floods decreased. In the north (Fig. 8a) some scenarios still pro-
duced large spring floods in 2070–2099. In southern Finland (in
the coastal rivers Fig. 8e and in the lake area Fig. 8d) large floods
occurred not only in spring but also
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
and CNES, n.d.;
National Center for Atmospheric Research Staff, 2016; Quante and Colijn, 2016). Now, additional
altimeters at different orbits perform slightly less accurate measurements up to 82 N and S (Rhein
et al., 2013). These records are used to estimate sea surface changes and calculate global mean sea
level, a temporal average sea level averaged over the oceans (Church, Clark, et al., 2013
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_005.pdf
at Hólar in Hornafjörður and precipitation at Fagurhólsmýri
as an input. With a temperature gradient of 0.56 ◦C per
100 m and the degree-day factors ddfs = 4.45 mm◦w.e.C−1 d−1
and ddfi = 5.30 mm◦w.e.C−1 d−1, the model explains 92 % and
95 % of the variance of the winter and summer balance at S-
Vatnajökull, respectively (Jóhannesson et al., 2007).
Another model calibration of the degree-day factors
/media/ces/Adalgeirsdottir-etal-tc-5-961-2011.pdf
Pw at Bulken andRøldal indicated a slightly higher mean bw for theperiod 1923/24–1948/49, 1.3 m w.e., than calculat-ed by the model using a temperature threshold of3°C for Psolid. The bw for the period prior to 1895/96–1922/23 was also 1.3 m w.e. using precipitationdata from Bulken. The reconstructed bw further in-dicated that the high winter balances measured inthe period 1989–1995 with a maximum
/media/ces/GA_2009_91A_4_Andreassen.pdf
was therefore formed
by ice lifting and deformation induced by subglacial water pressures higher than ice
overburden pressure.
The discharge data and the derived size of the subglacial flood path, as indicated
by the volume of water stored subglacially, indicates a development towards more
efficient subglacial flow over the course of the jökulhlaup. Thus, a discharge in the
iii
range 80–90 m3 s 1
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf
on the European level [e.g.
Water Framework Directive (Directive 2000/60/EC),
Common Agricultural Policy, etcetera], except for the
Ukrainian part of the Tisza. However, the Ukraine shows
strong incentives to enter the EU community and thus the
EU acquis communautaire is used as key reference for the
development of its water management principles. It was
nevertheless decided to select two case-studies
/media/loftslag/Huntjens_etal-2010-Climate-change-adaptation-Reg_Env_Change.pdf
for Iceland were made. The CE
project used an ensemble of six GCMs and RCMs from the PRUDENCE project for four different
emissions scenarios (B1, B2, A2, and A1FI) developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC). The GCMs used by the CE project showed more warming during winter than
summer. During winter, the median projected warming from 1961–90 to 2070–99 ranged from
3–6 K, and from 2
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