of the
variable ‘compensation’, the rather costly compensations of
DKK 4400 per ha/yr (600 Euro/ha), if a minimum of 95%
probability for the state ‘true’ of the safe supply is to be
achieved, which could be a relevant goal since clean
groundwater is very important and also of limited quantity
in the capital area. For a compensation of DKK
500 per ha/yr, only very few farmers (4%) would join
voluntary farming
/media/loftslag/Henriksen_Barlebo-2008-AWM_BBN-Journ_Env_Management.pdf
A second, but usually smaller, increase in runoff oc-
curs in the autumn. In northern Finland more than 95% of annual
maximum floods are caused by spring snowmelt (cf. Fig. 7a). Also
the small upstream lakes in the northern part of the lake area
and the northernmost of the coastal rivers fall mainly into this cat-
egory. In most coastal rivers the major floods can be caused by
either snowmelt
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
and CNES, n.d.;
National Center for Atmospheric Research Staff, 2016; Quante and Colijn, 2016). Now, additional
altimeters at different orbits perform slightly less accurate measurements up to 82 N and S (Rhein
et al., 2013). These records are used to estimate sea surface changes and calculate global mean sea
level, a temporal average sea level averaged over the oceans (Church, Clark, et al., 2013
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_005.pdf
Av. Ed.
Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
Received: 21 March 2011 – Published in The Cryosphere Discuss.: 6 April 2011
Revised: 5 October 2011 – Accepted: 20 October 2011 – Published: 2 November 2011
Abstract. The Little Ice Age maximum extent of glaciers in
Iceland was reached about 1890 AD and most glaciers in the
country have retreated during the 20th century. A model for
the surface mass balance
/media/ces/Adalgeirsdottir-etal-tc-5-961-2011.pdf
of ice melt at the
AWS location will increase from c. 40 to c. 80 days.
Key words: glacier, mass balance, albedo, temperature, precipita-tion, precipitation, climate
IntroductionTo predict how a glacier will react to climate
change or to reconstruct a glacier’s mass balanceback in time, a mass balance model is needed to
relate the surface mass balance to prevailing cli-
mate conditions. A whole
/media/ces/GA_2009_91A_4_Andreassen.pdf
the maximum discharge of jökulhlaup water at the glacier
terminus is estimated as 97 m3 s 1. This jökulhlaup was a fast-rising jökulhlaup as
other jökulhlaups in Skaftá and cannot be described by the traditional Nye-theory of
jökulhlaups. The total volume of flood water was estimated as 53 Gl. The average
propagation speed of the subglacial jökulhlaup flood front was found to be in the range
0.2–0.4 m s 1
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf
on the European level [e.g.
Water Framework Directive (Directive 2000/60/EC),
Common Agricultural Policy, etcetera], except for the
Ukrainian part of the Tisza. However, the Ukraine shows
strong incentives to enter the EU community and thus the
EU acquis communautaire is used as key reference for the
development of its water management principles. It was
nevertheless decided to select two case-studies
/media/loftslag/Huntjens_etal-2010-Climate-change-adaptation-Reg_Env_Change.pdf
for Iceland were made. The CE
project used an ensemble of six GCMs and RCMs from the PRUDENCE project for four different
emissions scenarios (B1, B2, A2, and A1FI) developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC). The GCMs used by the CE project showed more warming during winter than
summer. During winter, the median projected warming from 1961–90 to 2070–99 ranged from
3–6 K, and from 2
/media/ces/2010_005_.pdf