HYDROPOWER IN ICELAND
Impacts and adaption in future climate
Authors
Óli Grétar Blöndal Sveinsson (Phd)
Úlfar Linnet (MSc)
Elías B. Elíasson (MSc)
Landsvirkjuns system
•Installed power 1850 MW
• 96 % Hydroelectricity
• 4% Geothermal
•Production capacity 13 TWh/a
•Customer base
• 86 % Large industries
• 14 % Small businesses / Household
•No connection to other countries
•Reliability a major
/media/ces/Linnet_Ulfar_CES_2010.pdf
ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE TOURISM SECTOR
IN SPAIN
By
Ana Gargallo-Castel
Department of Business Administration
University of Zaragoza, C/ Ciudad Escolar, s/n
44003 TERUEL, SPAIN
Phone: 00 34 978 61 81 01. Fax 00 34 978 61 81 03
Email: gargallo@unizar.es
Luisa Esteban-Salvador
Department of Finance and Accounting
University of Zaragoza, C/ Ciudad Escolar, s/n
/media/loftslag/ECONOMIC_EFFECTS_OF_CLIMATE_CHANGE_ON_THE_TOURISM_SECTOR_IN_SPAIN.pdf
capability, data interpretation and communication have ad-
vanced with these events. In addition, before the unrest, a variety of
new instruments were installed around the Vatnajökull ice cap by
collaborators in the research project Futurevolc.
During the period of unrest, the Department of Civil Protection and
Emergency Management met regularly with scientists to discuss the
situation
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/IMO_AnnualReport2014.pdf
(). The circulation of Icelandic waters-a
modelling study. Ocean Science , –.
Nygaard, B. E. K., Hálfdán Ágústsson & K.
Somfalvi-Toth (). Modeling wet snow ac-
cretion on power lines: improvements to previ-
ous methods using years of observations.
Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology
(), –.
Philippe Crochet (). Sensitivity of Icelandic
river basins to recent
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/arsskyrslur/VED_AnnualReport-2013_screen.pdf
from 5
years of continuous GPS measurements in
Iceland, submitted to Journal of Geophysical
VOLUME 86 NUMBER 26
28 JUNE 2005
PAGES 245–252
Eos, Vol. 86, No. 26, 28 June 2005
EOS, TRANSACTIONS, AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION
PAGES 245, 248
Forecasting and Monitoring a
Subglacial Eruption in Iceland
Fig. 1. (a) Map of Iceland illustrating the location of monitoring networks discussed in the text
/media/jar/myndsafn/2005EO260001.pdf
performance of the
model.
REFERENCES
Førland, E. J., Allerup P., Dahlström B., Elomaa E., Jónsson T., Madsen H.,
Perälä J., Rissanen P., Vedin H. and Vejen F. 1996. Manual for operational cor-
rection of Nordic precipitation data. DNMI Report No. 24/96 Klima, 66 pp.
Benoit, R., Pellerin P., Kouwen N., Ritchie H., Donaldson N., Joe P. and Soulis
E. D. 2000. Toward the use of coupled atmospheric
/media/ces/Paper-Olafur-Rognvaldsson_92.pdf
Discrete
numerical
Categorical Narrative
Constant in space and time A1 A2 A3
4Varies in time, not in space B1 B2 B3
Varies in space, not in time C1 C2 C3
It is noticed that the matrix is in reality three-dimensional
(source, type, nature). Thus, the categories type and nature
are not mutually exclusive, and it may be argued that the ma-
trix should be modified in such a way that the two uncer
/media/loftslag/Refsgaard_etal-2007-Uncertainty-EMS.pdf
occurring during
winter from 86% in the present climate to 98% in the year
2100. High evapotranspiration during summer was mainly
attributed to forests because forests were able to utilize most
of the increase in soil moisture storage that came from
winter recharge. For future studies Woldeamlak et al. [2007]
suggested use of transient models to study seasonal varia-
tions of the groundwater
/media/loftslag/vanRoosmalen_etal-2009-WRR_2007WR006760.pdf