for Iceland were made. The CE
project used an ensemble of six GCMs and RCMs from the PRUDENCE project for four different
emissions scenarios (B1, B2, A2, and A1FI) developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC). The GCMs used by the CE project showed more warming during winter than
summer. During winter, the median projected warming from 1961–90 to 2070–99 ranged from
3–6 K, and from 2
/media/ces/2010_005_.pdf
model grid point must be taken into account. At latitude f , the grid-box
size is given by
dA = a2 cosf dldf ; (1)
where a = 6371 km is the Earth’s mean radius, and latitude and longitude are measured in
radians. For the ECMWF reanalyses, angular grid-point spacing dl = df = p=180 is constant
across the domain. The low-pressure centre count at each grid point is then multiplied by dA=dA,
with mean
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_005.pdf
and review of some methods for regional flood frequency anal-
ysis. J. Hydrol., 186, 63–84.
GREHYS. (1996b). Inter-comparison of regional flood frequency procedures for Canadian rivers.
J. Hydrol., 186, 85–103.
Grover, P.L., Burn, D.H. & Cunderlik, J.M. (2002). A comparison of index flood estimation
procedures for ungauged catchments. Can. J. Civ. Eng., 29, 734–741.
Hosking, J.R.M. & Wallis, J.R. (1993
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_009.pdf
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/media/loftslag/Hare-2011-ParticipatoryModelling.pdf
it will be one of the main aspects
of this paper.
2.3. Properties
The elements of a Fuzzy Cognitive Map are as follows:
Concepts: C1, C2, . . ., Cn. These represent the drivers and
constraints that are considered of importance to the issue under
consideration.
State vector: A = (a1, a2, . . ., an), where ai denotes the state of the
node Ci. The state vector represents the value of the concepts
/media/loftslag/Kok_JGEC658_2009.pdf
level, surveys commissioned by the European Com-
munity/the European Union provide an indication of trends in concern about cli-
mate change. Since 1992, such surveys have been undertaken among representative
samples of citizens in its Member States, and specifically on topics related to the
environment (Special Eurobarometers (EB) in 1992, 1995, 2002; and a Flash EB
in 2002). These have included
/media/loftslag/Lorenzoni_Pidgeon_2006.pdf
as a benchmark for
future evaluation of changes in the areal extent and volume of all major glaciers and ice caps
in Iceland.
The glaciers and ice caps surveyed are of different sizes and types: Vatnajökull is the largest
ice mass by volume in Europe, with sea-level equivalent of 0.85 cm, or 85% of the total
volume of glacier ice in Iceland. The Langjökull and Hofsjökull ice caps have both lost ~10
/media/vatnafar/joklar/Reykholt-abstracts.pdf
Such landslides fall from a comparatively high
elevation, cause extensive disruption and upheaval of loose materials and soils in their
way, and can travel considerable distances uphill against opposing slopes.
Secondly, there are medium-sized or large, rapid debris flows that are released from com-
paratively high elevations and are confined to gullies as they travel down the mountain-
side, similar
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2016/VI_2016_006_rs.pdf
the automatic station shows 0 the manual station shows
15 (precipitation is more than 5 km distance) in 20 cases. In 22 cases the manual station shows
21
62 (Rain, not freezing, intermittent, moderate at time of observation) while the automatic station
shows 61 (light rain).
0
250
500
750
1000
0 1 2 3 10 11 15 16 20 21 23 24 25 26 40 41 50 51 52 53 58 60 61 62 63 64 67 70 71 72 73 80 81 838485
Present
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2019/VI_2019_009.pdf