G
u
i
n
e
a
B
a
r
r
i
e
n
to
s
P
a
t
r
i
c
k
D
r
i
s
c
o
l
l
A
n
j
a
W
e
j
s
T
o
mm
y
C
h
a
n
K
a
r
o
l
i
i
n
a
P
i
l
l
i
-
S
i
h
v
o
l
a
J
u
s
s
i
Y
l
h
ä
i
s
i
K
a
r
e
n
L
u
n
d
g
r
e
n
V
ä
i
n
ö
N
u
r
m
i
J
i
a
o
X
i
H
a
n
s
-
P
a
u
l
V
e
l
e
m
a
p
l
e
n
a
r
y
1
(
o
p
e
n
i
n
g
)
X
s
e
s
s
i
o
n
1
.
1
X
s
e
s
s
i
o
n
1
.
2
X
s
e
s
s
i
o
n
1
.
3
X
s
e
s
s
i
o
n
1
/media/loftslag/Guidelines2-for-rapporteurs.pdf
stage
)Suppor
t
an
d
ski
lls
n
ee
de
d
Har
e
et
a
l.
(2003
)
XX
An
aly
se
lin
ks
be
tw
ee
n
participator
y
structur
e
an
d
proces
s
implementatio
n
Ba
rr
et
ea
u
et
a
l.
(2010
)
XXX
Pr
o
vid
e
cle
ar
de
sc
rip
tio
n
o
fproces
s
(m
an
ag
e
ex
pe
ct
at
io
n
s);
monitorin
g
an
d
evaluatio
n
Bot
s
an
d
va
n
Daale
n
(2008
)
XXXXX
Su
pp
o
rt
pr
o
ce
ss
de
sig
n
Ad
ap
te
d
fra
m
ew
o
rk
u
se
d
in
th
/media/loftslag/Hare-2011-ParticipatoryModelling.pdf
ANNUAL REPOR T 2014
2
I C E L A N D I C M E T O F F I C E / A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 1 4
?Veðurstofa Íslands 2015
Bústaðavegur 7–9, 108 Reykjavík, Iceland
The annual report was drafted by the IMO sta?.
Editor: Sigurlaug Gunnlaugsdóttir
Design and layout: Hvíta húsið
Printing: Oddi
ISSN 2251-5607
Cover photo: Gro Birkefeldt Møller Pedersen
I N D E X
4 Bárðarbunga
7 Rockslide
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/IMO_AnnualReport2014.pdf
on the transport sector. Table 1 below shows a tentative distribution of activities
by different stakeholders and by geographic / administrative aggregation level.
Table 1 – Tentative identification of relevant (predominant) operating levels and actors
Local Regional National* International
public private public private public private public private
Infrastructure planners XX XX X/media/loftslag/Outline_for_the_case_Road_maintenance_in_a_changing_climate.pdf
e
in
relatio
n
to
climat
echang
eadapt
ation
.X
,XX
,XX
X
is
a
ge
n
era
lguid
eo
n
th
e
relativ
e
imp
ortanc
e
leve
lo
fth
e
sourc
es
,
alth
oug
h
it
mus
tb
e
em
phasise
d
tha
tth
e
imp
ortanc
e
o
fth
e
indi
vidua
lsou
rce
s
o
fun
certaint
y
is
co
n
tex
tspe
cifi
c
St
ep
si
n
cl
im
at
e
ch
an
ge
ad
ap
tat
io
n
an
al
ys
es
(ch
ain
in
u
n
ce
rta
in
ty
ca
sc
ad
e,
Fi
g.
2)
So
ur
ce
s
o
fu
n
ce
rta
/media/loftslag/2012-Refsgaard_etal-uncertainty_climate-change-adaptation-MITI343.pdf
and our intention is to run these models dur-
ing times of hazardous events and even on a daily
basis to further improve monitoring.
Avalanche monitoring has progressed. The em-
phasis is now on improving our services, especially
to the Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration
with regard to transport. The reason is that com-
munity structure has changed considerably in recent
years and the need
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/arsskyrslur/VED_AnnualReport-2013_screen.pdf
on the quantity at hand (strengths and weaknesses in
Box 1. The error propagation equation
The error propagation equations for the most common
operators are (s is the standard deviation):
Addition and Subtraction: z ¼ x þ yþ/ or z ¼
x y/
sz ¼
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
s2x
þ
s2y
þ/
r
Multiplication by an exact number: z
/media/loftslag/Refsgaard_etal-2007-Uncertainty-EMS.pdf
to theoretical framework. I do also want to thank him for an
enjoyable time during this work, both in the office and in the field.
This work was carried out as a part of the Skaftá cauldrons research project which
was funded and supported by the Icelandic Centre For Research (RANNÍS), Kvískerja-
sjóður, the NASA Astrobiology Institute, Landsvirkjun (the National Power Com-
pany), the National Energy
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf
the validity of the ideal gas law, hydrostatic
balance, a piecewise linear vertical gradient of air temperature, and neglecting the effects of water
vapour. Pressure, p, as a function of height can then be derived through vertical integration of the
hydrostatic balance equation, and is given by
p(h(x;y);z) = p0 exp
g
R
Z h(x;y)+z
0
dx
T (x )
; (5)
where p0 is pressure at mean sea level, T
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2013/2013_001_Nawri_et_al.pdf