Manage- Basic Purchase Road Road net- Const- Acquisi- Govern- Com- Participati- Value Miscel- Total 2009
ment and road of equip- system work post- ruction tion of ment missi- on of the added laneous cost
operating manage- ment develop- poned-, of land grants ons European tax over- level
costs ment ment comprehen- build- and com- Regional De- heads
1991- 1991- sive- and ings pensation
/media/loftslag/Traffc-maintenance_expenditures.pdf
assessments in coastal and marine tourism”, Proceedings of
CMT2009, the 6th International Congress on Coastal and Marine Tourism,
South Africa 23-26 June. Available at:
http://www.cmt2009.com/Proceedings/content/CMT2009_WP_039.pdf, 22 June
2010.
[4] Ehmer, P. and Heymann, E. (2008): “Climate change and tourism: Where will the
journey lead?” Deutsch Bank Research, April 11, 2008. Available
/media/loftslag/ECONOMIC_EFFECTS_OF_CLIMATE_CHANGE_ON_THE_TOURISM_SECTOR_IN_SPAIN.pdf
of events closely.
Photo: Sigurlaug Gunnlaugsdóttir.
Bárðarbunga
Pálmi Erlendsson, Bergur H. Bergsson and others installing GPS and com-
munication equipment. Photos: Þorgils Ingvarsson and Benedikt G. Ófeigsson.
I C E L A N D I C M E T O F F I C E / A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 1 4
5
The magma intrusion from Bárðarbunga
to the eruption site at Holuhraun and
related tremor pulses
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/IMO_AnnualReport2014.pdf
the model. Usually, the model
is run within a graphical user interface (GUI) where many
tasks have been automated.
STEP 4 (calibration and validation). This step is con-
cerned with the process of analysing the model that was
constructed during the previous step, first by calibrating
the model, and then by validating its performance against
independent field data. Finally, the reliability of model
/media/loftslag/Refsgaard_etal-2007-Uncertainty-EMS.pdf
lake within the
caldera until the surrounding ice is breached.
When that happens, water escapes to cause a
jökulhlaup in the river Skeidará, after having
traveled ~50 km beneath the Skeidarárjökull
outlet glacier (Figure 1b). Jökulhlaups occur
there every 1–10 years and last from days to
weeks, each time releasing 0.4–4 km3 of water
[Björnsson, 2002]. Volcanic eruptions in Gríms-
vötn often
/media/jar/myndsafn/2005EO260001.pdf
a systematic com-
parison of results to observed precipitation has been carried out. Un-
dercatchment of solid precipitation is dealt with by looking only at
days when precipitation is presumably liquid or by considering the
occurrence and non-occurrence of precipitation. Away from non-
resolved orography, the long term means (months, years) of observed
and simulated precipitation are often
/media/ces/Paper-Olafur-Rognvaldsson_92.pdf
have a consider-
able impact in an area where surface runoff is the dominant
process, but have a smaller impact on groundwater-fed
systems. Owing to the heterogeneity of the meteorological
conditions and the heterogeneous physiographical condi-
tions, climate and land use change impact studies on
hydrology often have a local to regional character.
[4] The majority of hydrological climate change
/media/loftslag/vanRoosmalen_etal-2009-WRR_2007WR006760.pdf
and our intention is to run these models dur-
ing times of hazardous events and even on a daily
basis to further improve monitoring.
Avalanche monitoring has progressed. The em-
phasis is now on improving our services, especially
to the Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration
with regard to transport. The reason is that com-
munity structure has changed considerably in recent
years and the need
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/arsskyrslur/VED_AnnualReport-2013_screen.pdf