but triggered by and occurring simultaneously with eruptions on the
Bárðarbunga system (yellow) are least frequent (e.g. McGarvie et al. 1990). Effusive basaltic eruptions (red) on
the ice-free part of the volcanic system include the largest eruptions on the system (e.g. Jakobsson 1979;
Vilmundardóttir et al. 1988, 1990, 1999, 2000; Sigvaldason 1992; Hjartarson 2011).
5
Figure 3. Proportion
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experienced by different localities. The concept of multi-level governance helps to highlight
this interrelation between levels by demonstrating that the steering of decision-making is no
longer a function of government only, but of a broader array of actors and levels (Boland
1999; Hooghe and Marks 2003). The multi-level governance concept has been developed out
of literature that shows
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method. Analogue-based methods have been used in weather forecasting (Radinovic´,
1975; Kruizinga & Murphy, 1983; Van den Dool, 1989; Fraedrich et al., 2003) and climate
downscaling (Zorita & Von Storch, 1999; Wetterhall et al., 2005) to extract local weather infor-
mation, which can not be simulated by coarse-resolution NWP or climate models with sufficient
accuracy. In the past decade
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of
climate change on hydrological systems in Europe [e.g.,
Andre´asson et al., 2004; Arnell, 1999; Caballero et al.,
2007; Graham et al., 2007b; Kleinn et al., 2005; Thodsen,
2007]. Generally, the simulated impacts of climate change
vary considerably as a result of contrasting climate change
signals in northern and southern Europe, e.g., an increase in
annual precipitation in the north
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in southern Norway (Fig.1). The glacier has a total area of 5.4 km2 and rangesin altitude from 1390 to 2090 m a.s.l. The glacierhas been mapped repeatedly, the most recent mapis from 1997. Areas calculated from the 1951 and1997 maps reveal an area reduction of about 0.4km2 in this period (Andreassen 1999). Lengthchange observations reveal a net retreat of about 60
m from 1997 to 2006 (data: NVE; e.g
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) for the Baltic participants and/or other
participants from member states are covered by EUMETSAT.
The NOMEK courses so far:
1. Oslo 1995
2. Helsinki 1996
3. Copenhagen 1997
4. Norrköping 1998
5. Tromsö 1999
6. Helsinki 2000
7. Vilnius 2001
8. Copenhagen 2002
NOMEK 2009
11-15 May, Reykjavík, Iceland
9. Norrköping 2003
10. Reykjavik 2004
11. Oslo 2005
12. Helsinki 2006
13. Denmark 2007
14. Sweden 2008
15
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research”
(Hatchuel and Molet 1986, Hatchuel 1994, Berry
1995, Checkland and Holwell 1998, Flood 1998,
Avenier et al. 1999, David 2000, Midgley 2000).
However, in-depth analyses and evaluation of the
interventions also make the research approach a
hybrid of intervention research with case-study
based research (Yin 2003). Intervention research is
considered by Midgley (2000) as “purposeful action
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susceptible to damage.
The goals in SAFER include installation of real-time aftershock hazard mapping (Gerstenberger
et al., 2005) and ShakeMap (Wald et al., 1999) for SW Iceland. These can enable fast
estimation of seismic hazard and potential damage after an earthquake, which can be of great
value for disaster management. Necessary support for the generation of such maps is the
development
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(Rögnvaldsson et al., 1998a), in the
Hengill area (Rögnvaldsson et al., 1999; Vogfjörð, 2000; Vogfjörd et al., 2005a), in the
western volcanic zone (Hjaltadóttir and Vogfjörð, 2009) and on the Reykjanes Peninsula
(Hjaltadóttir and Vogfjörð, 2006). A detailed map of sub-surface faults with slip directions
can be of great value for stress-field evaluation in the seismic zone. It is also of great
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