A hydrological year is defined as the period from 1st September to 31st August. After the processing of measurement results, data are analysed and interpreted.
Increased glacial melt characterizes the 2009/2010 hydrological year in areas where volcanic ash from the Eyjafjallajökull eruption was sufficiently thick. Surprisingly, glacial melt was lower closer to the eruption where the ash was even
/hydrology/articles/nr/2110
which led to the prominent “dueling scientist scenario” appeared in the media.
This has inevitably led to confusion and poor understanding of the public’s perception about
climate change issue, rendering mitigation and adaptation even more difficult. Nonetheless, the
worst part of the story rests in that the public are not just passive message receivers. They process
a surprisingly huge
/media/loftslag/Group5-Draft_report.pdf
of the quality of the model simulations was beyond the scope of this project,
but a comparison between the modelled and observed radiation data was still performed
for one example station. One can see that, for the baseline period, the mean of the 18
model simulation accords with observations surprisingly well (Fig. 1). In relative terms,
the maximum deviations in the monthly values are of 8-9
/media/ces/CES_D2.4_solar_CMIP3.pdf
of the glaciers. An up to 8 m thick winter snow layer
was measured in the accumulation area (∼4 m w.e.). Ice melt
of up 10 m w.e. was measured in the lowest part of the ab-
lation zone in summer, and 2 m w.e. was melted during win-
ter. Taking into account ∼2 m of annual rainfall, the runoff
from this part of the glacier was estimated as ∼14 m w.e. per
year; a surprisingly high value (Ahlmann, 1939
/media/ces/Adalgeirsdottir-etal-tc-5-961-2011.pdf
about 20-25% in 2010 to about 50% in 2050. Perhaps surprisingly,
a particularly high probability is found in Iceland, most likely as a result of the small
12
interannual variability there. As expected, the probability of very warn years rises even faster
than that of warm months – in northern Europe from typically 30-40% in 2010 to about 60-
80% in 2030 and to 85-95% or even more in 2050
/media/ces/CES_D2.4_task1.pdf
on freedom. Improved public
transport, and to some extent the information campaign,
were perceived to be fair measures, while increased tax on
fuel was evaluated as an unfair measure. Not surprisingly,
improved public transport was rated as an acceptable
measure and increased tax on fuel as an unacceptable
measure. The information campaign was evaluated as
neither acceptable, nor unacceptable
/media/loftslag/Eriksson_Garvill_Nordlund_2006.pdf
Koulouriotis et al., 2003); developing indices for analysing and
comparing Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (C¸oban and Sec¸me, 2005); and
analysing the dynamic output of a Fuzzy Cognitive Map (Stach
et al., 2005). Despite the diversity of applications, the aspect of
analysing the dynamic behaviour the Fuzzy Cognitive Map is
surprisingly underexposed. Because of its importance in the
context of scenario development
/media/loftslag/Kok_JGEC658_2009.pdf
to: stratospheric ozone
depletion, plant photosynthesis and respiration, air pollution, and experienced tem-
perature variations. Similarly, Bostrom and her colleagues (1994) found that their
respondents tended to confuse the greenhouse effect with ozone depletion. Not
surprisingly, most perceived the causes and effects of the latter to also be associ-
ated with changing climates (e.g. aerosol sprays
/media/loftslag/Lorenzoni_Pidgeon_2006.pdf
When the cross-validation is made at all
independent gauged sites of each region with observed AMF series, the best results are obtained
with model no. 3 for Region 1 and with model no. 6 for Region 2, as for daily floods.
Surprisingly, relatively unbiased estimates of µi(D) are obtained for vhm200 with several models
(see Appendix IX), while most models led to strong biased estimates at this site
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_001.pdf