).
Since the tide gauges measure the ocean elevation relative to a point on land, vertical land motion
needs to be taken into account when estimating sea surface changes (Hamlington and Thompson,
2016; Quante and Colijn, 2016). The land motion can be caused by natural processes, such as glacial
isostatic adjustments or tectonics, and/or anthropogenic processes, for instance land subsidence due
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_005.pdf
2LEGOS, Toulouse, France
3National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
Abstract.
We assess the mean mass balance of three ice caps in South Iceland, for two periods, 1980
to 1998 and 1998 to 2004, by comparing digital elevation models (DEMs) covering the entire
glaciers; Eyjafjallajökull (81 km2), Tindfjallajökull (15 km2) and Torfajökull (14 km2). The
DEMs were
/media/ces/glacier_mass_balance_poster.pdf
characteristics
» Annual maximum
» Snow cover duration
• Daily snowmelt rates
» Annual maxima
• Daily glacial melt rates
» Annual maxima
» Duration of melting period
25% warmest years
25% coldest years
1971-2000
- Direct runoff rivers
- Spring-fed rivers
- Glacial rivers (5)
- Lakes
11 River basins
Size: 42 km2 – 5687 km2 Mean elevation: 163 m – 863 m
Data
• Discharge measurements (daily) (1929
/media/ces/Crochet_Philippe_CES_2010.pdf
to the "Adaptation of the Swiss Guidelines for supporting structures for Icelandic conditions (IMO Rep. 99013)" (IMO Memo TóJ-2003-05, author T. Jóhannesson) (pdf 0.03 Mb)
Remarks on the design of avalanche braking mounds based on experiments in 3, 6, 9 and 34 m long chutes (IMO Int. Rep. 03024, 2003, authors T. Jóhannesson and Kr. M. Hákonardóttir) (pdf 0.8 Mb)
Field observations and laboratory
/avalanches/imo/protective/
balance perturbations in climate change runs are typically on
the order of 1 ma 1 so that over a period of a few or several decades, the ice surface may
be lowered by several tens of metres. A lowering of that magnitude will start to affect the air
temperature over the glacier and leads to an intensification of surface melting through the mass-
balance–elevation feedback. Based on the preceding
/media/ces/ces-glacier-scaling-memo2009-01.pdf
takes place on two vents along the fissure, the northernmost part of the rampart and from the central part of the rampart. These two sources merge into one plume. Downwind, dense volcanic gases separate and descend. Further downwind a second plume, rich in water vapour, reaches higher elevation than the first plume
/pollution-and-radiation/volcanic-gas/hazard-zoning/bigimg/3042
of the results will be finished before the end of 2013. Accurate elevation models based on these measurements will be available from Vatnajökull, Hofsjökull, Langjökull, Eiríksjökull, Snæfellsjökull, Mýrdalsjökull, Eyjafjallajökull, Drangajökull, Tungnafellsjökull and several other smaller glaciers.
A total of 11,000 km² glaciers have been mapped in this effort, but the total measured area exceeds 15,000
/about-imo/arctic/glacier-mapping-ipy/
of the results will be finished before the end of 2013. Accurate elevation models based on these measurements will be available from Vatnajökull, Hofsjökull, Langjökull, Eiríksjökull, Snæfellsjökull, Mýrdalsjökull, Eyjafjallajökull, Drangajökull, Tungnafellsjökull and several other smaller glaciers.
A total of 11,000 km² glaciers have been mapped in this effort, but the total measured area exceeds 15,000
/about-imo/arctic/glacier-mapping-IPY/
scientists at Gígjökull; and aerial
observations from the Icelandic Coastguard (observation plane TF-SIF).
Eruption plume:
Height (a.s.l.): Detected by weather radar at 15:20 GMT at an elevation of 2.8 km over
the eruption site. TF-SIF observations at 15:40 GMT confirmed a steam
plume rising to 4.5–5.1 km (15–17,000 ft). Clouds of ash at lower
elevations observed drifting south
/media/jar/Eyjafjallajokull_status_2010-04-30_IES_IMO.pdf