s
fro
m
climat
e
ch
ang
e
an
d
cr
o
ss
bou
ndar
y
adaptatio
n
measu
res
.
In
th
e
Netherl
and
s
fo
r
hyd
rodyna
m
ic
mod
el
syst
em
s
lik
e
SOB
EK-
W
AQ
UA
(loca
lleve
l)
an
d
e.g
.
fo
rR
hi
ne
flo
w
(ba
sin
wi
de
)c
o
n
sid
er
ab
le
u
n
ce
rta
in
tie
s
ex
ist
(W
ee
rts
et
al
.200
3)
D
ev
el
op
m
en
to
fi
nt
eg
ra
te
d
ba
sin
m
o
de
l(
flo
od
ing
an
d
poll
ution)
.
2:
St
at
ist
ic
al
/q
ua
lit
/media/loftslag/VanderKeur_etal-2008-Uncertainty_IWRM-WARM.pdf
A
conservative enhancement of the reduced IPCC ensemble mean warming rate would therefore
result in 0.37 K per decade for the Icelandic elevated terrain.
17
Table 4. Linear trends of surface air temperature in Kelvin per decade between specific
years in different zones (ocean / land / low terrain / high terrain).
2004–50 2004–80 2004–99
IPCC GCM Mean 0.30 / 0.31 / - / - 0.28 / 0.29 / - / - 0.23 / 0.24
/media/ces/2010_005_.pdf
Different
kinds of weights were tried in the regression process in which case the least squares problem
becomes the problem of minimizing
{ }2102 ,...),()(log∑ −
i
iiii rMfPGXw ,
with respect to the parameters of the model f. The weights wi were generally of the form
),( rMq
p
wi = ,
where p was a normalization constant and usually q(M,r) was a discrete density distribution
made to correct
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_012.pdf
Resources and Energy Directorate
Edited by: Heidi H. Pikkarainen
Print: Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate
Number printed: 130
Cover design: Rune Stubrud
Prepared for: The CES project
Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate
Middelthunsgate 29
P.O. Box 5091 Majorstua
N-0301 OSLO
NORWAY
Telephone: +47 22 959595
Fax: +47 22 95 90 00
/media/ces/ces-oslo2010_proceedings.pdf
22 (2007) 1543e1556
defined as the summed squared deviation between the calibra-
tion targets (field data) and their simulated counterparts. Many
software tools support inverse modelling and some universal
optimisation routines can be downloaded as freeware, e.g.
PEST (Doherty, 2003) and UCODE (Poeter and Hill, 1998).
Most inversion techniques have the benefit that they in ad-
dition to optimal
/media/loftslag/Refsgaard_etal-2007-Uncertainty-EMS.pdf
yfir röð stórra skjálfta af stærð M 6-7 í Suðurlandsbrotabeltinu og hafa
yfirborðssprungur skjálfta á nútíma verið kortlagðar víða í brotabeltinu. Stefna
þverbrotabeltisnis er A-V en þó sýnir yfirborðskortlagning, ásamt kortlögðum
áhrifasvæðum, að sögulegir skjálftar hafi orðið á stórum N-S sprungum. Hefur aflögun á
beltinu því verið lýst með svokallaðri bókahillutektóník, þar sem það brotnar
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2010/2010_003rs.pdf
above 95% for the later
years. This can be explained by the high elevation of the catchment and the fact that most of it
is glaciated. Catchments Hraunaveita and Þingvallavatn present similar patterns with large
fluctuations from one year to the other. In the case of Hraunaveita, the snow-fractions range
between 65 and 97%, with only five years under 75%. For catchment Þingvallavatn, being
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2022/VI_2022_006_extreme.pdf