The
role of orography was found to be crucial in determining the precipitation dis-
tribution and amount.
Atmospheric flow over Iceland was simulated for the period January 1961
through June 2006 using version 3–7–3 of the PSU/NCAR MM5 mesoscale
model (Grell et al., 1995). The domain used is 123× 95 points, centered at
64◦ N and 19.5◦ W, with a horizontal resolution of 8 km. There are 23 vertical
/media/ces/Paper-Olafur-Rognvaldsson_91.pdf
performance of the
model.
REFERENCES
Førland, E. J., Allerup P., Dahlström B., Elomaa E., Jónsson T., Madsen H.,
Perälä J., Rissanen P., Vedin H. and Vejen F. 1996. Manual for operational cor-
rection of Nordic precipitation data. DNMI Report No. 24/96 Klima, 66 pp.
Benoit, R., Pellerin P., Kouwen N., Ritchie H., Donaldson N., Joe P. and Soulis
E. D. 2000. Toward the use of coupled atmospheric
/media/ces/Paper-Olafur-Rognvaldsson_92.pdf
properly even if the
sample size is increased and systematic biases may be expected.
2.2.3 Predictors
Mean sea level pressure (MSLP), geopotential height (Z), specific humidity (q) and tempera-
ture (T) at different pressure levels are considered in this study to describe the meteorological
situations at the synoptic scale and to identify weather analogues. The MSLP and geopotential
height (Z) describe
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_006.pdf
relationship with the forcing variable. Grid-point correlations
are calculated separately for winter and summer months. This effectively removes the impact of
the seasonal cycle.
The coefficient of determination between mean sea level pressure (MSLP) and total precipi-
tation, is shown in Figure 4. Grid points at which correlation is not statistically significant at
the 95% confidence level
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_005.pdf
a realistic
description of fast-rising jökulhlaups.
iv
Ágrip
Í Skaftá hafa mælst 45 jökulhlaup síðan 1955. Þessi hlaup vaxa hraðar en hefðbundin
jökulhlaup frá Grímsvötnum og hafa því verið nefnd „hraðvaxandi jökulhlaup“. Þau
eru upprunnin úr lónum sem eru undir eystri og vestari Skaftárkatli í vestanverðum
Vatnajökli. Kötlunum er viðhaldið af jarðhita.
Út frá gögnum um rúmmál hlaupvatns er
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf
: 3601/B2007.EEA53004 and 3601/RO/CLC/
B2007.EEA52971, Landmælingar Íslands, Reykjavik, Iceland.
Bechtold, P., Köhler, M., Jung, T., Doblas-Reyes, F., Leutbecher, M., Rodwell, M. J., Vitart, F.,
and Balsamo, G. (2008). Advances in simulating atmospheric variability with the ECMWF
model: from synoptic to decadal time-scales. Q. J. R. Meterol. Soc., 134:1337–1351.
Brousseau, P., Berre, L., Bouttier
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_005.pdf
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/media/loftslag/Outline_for_the_case_Road_maintenance_in_a_changing_climate.pdf
not determined in this study but it was suggested that they
might come from the large debris piles in the Efri-Botnar area.
Table 1. Age of the landslides according to 14C dating and observations of dated tephra
layers (Óskar Knudsen & Guðrún Larsen, 2014).
Landslide Uncorrected age (BP) Corrected age (AD, 1s) Corrected age (AD, 2s)
A 1286 38 670–770 650–820
B 1386 37 620–665 580–690
C 4500 – –
Table
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2016/VI_2016_006_rs.pdf
cover. At night, the
differences between land and ocean are small. However, during the day, especially with clear
skies, as the land heats up faster than the surrounding water, the terrestrial longwave radiation
losses can exceed those over the nearby cloud-free ocean by up to 80 W m 2.
The total radiation received by the Earth’s surface is determined by factors that oppositely af-
fect the short
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_006.pdf
approximately centred around Iceland: the outer domain with
43 42 grid points spaced at 27 km (1134 1107 km), the intermediate domain with 95 90 grid
points spaced at 9 km, and the inner domain with 196 148 grid points spaced at 3 km. The
northwest corner of the outer domain covers a part of the southeast coastal region of Greenland.
Otherwise, the only landmass included in the model domain
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2013/2013_001_Nawri_et_al.pdf