of Icelandic glaciers 1992–1997). Rep.
OS-98082 (in Icelandic), National Energy Authority, Reykjavík.
Sigurðsson, O., Thorsteinsson Th., Ágústsson S. M. and Einarsson B. 2004.
Afkoma Hofsjökuls 1997–2004. (Mass balance of Hofsjökull 1997–2004.) Rep.
OS-2004/029, National Energy Authority, Reykjavík.
Uppala, S.M., and 45 co-authors 2005. The ERA-40 re-analysis. Q. J. R. Mete-
orol. Soc., 131, 2961
/media/ces/Paper-Olafur-Rognvaldsson_91.pdf
performance of the
model.
REFERENCES
Førland, E. J., Allerup P., Dahlström B., Elomaa E., Jónsson T., Madsen H.,
Perälä J., Rissanen P., Vedin H. and Vejen F. 1996. Manual for operational cor-
rection of Nordic precipitation data. DNMI Report No. 24/96 Klima, 66 pp.
Benoit, R., Pellerin P., Kouwen N., Ritchie H., Donaldson N., Joe P. and Soulis
E. D. 2000. Toward the use of coupled atmospheric
/media/ces/Paper-Olafur-Rognvaldsson_92.pdf
properly even if the
sample size is increased and systematic biases may be expected.
2.2.3 Predictors
Mean sea level pressure (MSLP), geopotential height (Z), specific humidity (q) and tempera-
ture (T) at different pressure levels are considered in this study to describe the meteorological
situations at the synoptic scale and to identify weather analogues. The MSLP and geopotential
height (Z) describe
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_006.pdf
is on the northern North Atlantic and the Nordic Seas. With the southern
boundary at 47 N, the study domain covers Newfoundland, but excludes various marginal and
inland seas with significant independent storm activity, such as the Mediterranean and Adriatic
Seas, as well as the Black and Caspian Seas. The northern boundary at 80 N takes the domain
up to Fram Strait, including Svalbard, but excluding
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_005.pdf
was therefore formed
by ice lifting and deformation induced by subglacial water pressures higher than ice
overburden pressure.
The discharge data and the derived size of the subglacial flood path, as indicated
by the volume of water stored subglacially, indicates a development towards more
efficient subglacial flow over the course of the jökulhlaup. Thus, a discharge in the
iii
range 80–90 m3 s 1
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absolute errors (MAEs) are listed in Table 1. For
temperature, the overall bias in January is reduced by 86%, with a reduction in overall MAE of
17%. For wind speed, the overall January bias is reduced by 74%, with a reduction in overall
MAE of 9%. Both, for temperature and wind speed, the main benefit of the correction procedure
is a reduction of differences between monthly mean values. Mean absolute
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/media/loftslag/Outline_for_the_case_Road_maintenance_in_a_changing_climate.pdf
wide and
1000 m long shelf called Þófi, terminating at 80–100 m a.s.l., see Map 4. The inclination of
the shelf is 15 on average. The surface of Þófi is covered with unconsolidated glacial till and
landslide deposits and marked with five gullies. The brook called Þófalækur near the middle of
the shelf divides it into an inner and outer part. On the outermost part of the shelf, there is a small
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2016/VI_2016_006_rs.pdf
contours). Bottom panel: manned and automated surface
observations over Iceland.
13
Figure 4. Hourly rainfall during 3 September 2012, based on HARMONIE model simula-
tions. Times are in UTC (local time).
14
Figure 5. Distribution of low- (red crosses), medium- (green vertical lines), and high-
level (blue horizontal lines) cloud cover of at least 90%, based on HARMONIE model
simulations. Terrain
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_006.pdf
approximately centred around Iceland: the outer domain with
43 42 grid points spaced at 27 km (1134 1107 km), the intermediate domain with 95 90 grid
points spaced at 9 km, and the inner domain with 196 148 grid points spaced at 3 km. The
northwest corner of the outer domain covers a part of the southeast coastal region of Greenland.
Otherwise, the only landmass included in the model domain
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2013/2013_001_Nawri_et_al.pdf