climate scenario. We will
apply this methodology in the current project also. An
important difference is however that the assumptions
for climate and energy system will refer to
approximately the same year.
0
10
20
30
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
0
1
0
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
GWh/week
Eu
roCent/
k
W
h
Deman
d
Supp
l
y
Minimum
system costs
Water values
Marginal
costs
Simulating stochastic
/media/ces/esa_flyer_new.pdf
inhabitants, in terms of environmental and health issues.
The Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) monitors gas releases from Holuhraun using DOAS and FTIR instruments for the estimation of SO2 flux and amount of other components in the volcanic cloud. The more abundant gases present are SO2, CO2, HCl, HF, H2O.
In the first month and half we had an averaged flux equal to 400 kg/s (~35 kT/d/pollution-and-radiation/volcanic-gas/measurements/
inhabitants, in terms of environmental and health issues.
The Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) monitors gas releases from Holuhraun using DOAS and FTIR instruments for the estimation of SO2 flux and amount of other components in the volcanic cloud. The more abundant gases present are SO2, CO2, HCl, HF, H2O.
In the first month and half we had an averaged flux equal to 400 kg/s (~35 kT/d/pollution-and-radiation/volcanic-gas/measurements
inhabitants, in terms of environmental and health issues.
The Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) monitors gas releases from Holuhraun using DOAS and FTIR instruments for the estimation of SO2 flux and amount of other components in the volcanic cloud. The more abundant gases present are SO2, CO2, HCl, HF, H2O.
In the first month and half we had an averaged flux equal to 400 kg/s (~35 kT/d/pollution-and-radiation/volcanic-gas/measurements/nr/3036
on the costs of
weather related delays and interruptions. Leviäkangas (2007) mentions an amount of 20 ~ 30
million euro per year. As mentioned before over time road users will start to adapt if they realize
that certain delays occur too frequently. Responses could vary from shifts in departure time to
switching to another mode or even relocation of activities.
A note on service levels
In road
/media/loftslag/Outline_for_the_case_Road_maintenance_in_a_changing_climate.pdf
and
how future climate change within the next 20–30 years can impact these resources.
In the future, an increase in the utilization of various sources of bioenergy will increase in Nordic
countries. This raises a question what is the biomass production potential of forests now and in the
future and how sustainable the energy production based on biomass are owing to possible large-scale
harvestings
/media/ces/CES_BioFuels_Flyer_new.pdf
(
m
m
/
d
)
Mean annual
maximum
Timing
barb2right 20% Maximum 1971-2000
All years
1971-2000
25% coldest
25% warmest
Timing
Mean annual
maximum
barb2right 20% glacial peak
of melting1971-2000
Austari-Jökulsá, 12% glacier covered
Northern part of central highlands
Snowmelt (solid) and glacial melt (dashed) seasonality
Snow storage seasonality
Mean annual
maximum
Timing
Snow cover duration
/media/ces/Crochet_Philippe_CES_2010.pdf
Aug 1975 8 Apr−27 Jun 1993
NE
Region DK1
SSEENNWSWW central
CES conference, Oslo, Norway, 31 May - 2 June 2010
WT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 2829
−
2
Westerly SW NW Central Northerly NE Easterly SE Southerly
Drought events are:
• associated to several WTs;
• mostly including different flow directions;
• different events by different WTs;
• only
/media/ces/AnneFleig_May2010_CES.pdf
Gov. (2011)
DOI: 10.1002/eet
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
2829
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
Exampl
e
nam
e
Purpos
e
Actor
s
involve
d
Participator
y
modellin
g
stag
e
Ty
pe
of
m
od
el
Pa
rt
ici
pa
to
ry
purpos
e
Dat
a
D
en
iti
on
Co
n
st
ru
ct
ion
Ve
ri
cation
/
Va
lid
a
tio
n
Us
e
FAB
E
Grampia
n
/media/loftslag/Hare-2011-ParticipatoryModelling.pdf