Capacity (A)
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
control
future
+0.4std dev (as % of
mean)
-0.68max
-8.32min
-1.74mean
% change
June 2010 15
Time series
450
500
550
600
650
700
Hour
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
(
A
)
Typical year of control period
Seasonal average rating
Calculated capacity
450
500
550
600
650
700
Hour
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
(
A
)
Typical year under future scenario
Calculated capacity
Seasonal average
/media/ces/Cradden_Lucy_CES_2010.pdf
2015, 2025, 2035 and 2050
North (Blanda) East (Karahnjukar) South (Thorisvatn)
Change in average inflow to the main storage reservoirs
Watershed
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
i
n
f
l
o
w
[
m
3
/
s
]
0
2
0
4
0
6
0
8
0
1
0
0
1
2
0
Last 50 years
Last 20 years
Last 15 years
Last 10 years
Last 5 years
Temperature corrected
Transformation of climate measurements
•Change in temperature
• 0.75 °C/100y 1950-1975
• 1.55
/media/ces/Linnet_Ulfar_CES_2010.pdf
Surface 110, F04001, doi: 10.1029/2005
JF000289.
Adalgeirsdo´ttir G., Jo´hannesson T., Bjo¨rnsson H., Pa´lsson F. &
Sigurdsson O. 2006. Response of Hofsjo¨kull and southern
S. Gudmundsson et al. Mass balance of three ice caps in southern Iceland
Citation: Polar Research 2011, 30, 7282, DOI: 10.3402/polar.v30i0.7282 9
(page number not for citation purpose)
Vatnajo¨kull, Iceland, to climate change
/media/ces/Gudmundsson-etal-2011-PR-7282-26519-1-PB.pdf
Þorkelsson og Margrét Ásgeirsdóttir 1998. Skjálftahrina í Ölfusi í nóvember 1998. Greinargerð Veðurstofu Íslands VÍ-G98046-JA09. Veðurstofa Íslands, Reykjavík.
Sigurður Th. Rögnvaldsson, Kristín S. Vogfjörð og R. Slunga 1999. Kortlagning brotflata á Hengilssvæði með smáskjálftum. Rit Veðurstofu Íslands VÍ-R99002-JA01.
Angelier, J., Sigurður Th. Rögnvaldsson, F. Bergerat, Ágúst Guðmundsson, Steinunn S
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/conferences/jsr-2009/sigurdur/
Þorkelsson og Margrét Ásgeirsdóttir 1998. Skjálftahrina í Ölfusi í nóvember 1998. Greinargerð Veðurstofu Íslands VÍ-G98046-JA09. Veðurstofa Íslands, Reykjavík.
Sigurður Th. Rögnvaldsson, Kristín S. Vogfjörð og R. Slunga 1999. Kortlagning brotflata á Hengilssvæði með smáskjálftum. Rit Veðurstofu Íslands VÍ-R99002-JA01.
Angelier, J., Sigurður Th. Rögnvaldsson, F. Bergerat, Ágúst Guðmundsson, Steinunn S
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/conferences/jsr-2009/sigurdur
Change 19 (2009) 122–133
A R T I C L E I N F O
Article history:
Received 14 November 2007
Received in revised form 21 August 2008
Accepted 25 August 2008
Keywords:
Fuzzy Cognitive Maps
Scenario
Participation
Resilience
Brazil
A B S T R A C T
The main drawback of the Story-and-Simulation approach is the weak link between qualitative and
quantitative scenarios. A semi-quantitative tool, Fuzzy
/media/loftslag/Kok_JGEC658_2009.pdf
model grid point must be taken into account. At latitude f , the grid-box
size is given by
dA = a2 cosf dldf ; (1)
where a = 6371 km is the Earth’s mean radius, and latitude and longitude are measured in
radians. For the ECMWF reanalyses, angular grid-point spacing dl = df = p=180 is constant
across the domain. The low-pressure centre count at each grid point is then multiplied by dA=dA,
with mean
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_005.pdf
Forsíðumynd: Svava Björk Þorláksdóttir mælir með öldustilli
niður á festur í Iðu í Hvítá. Ljósmynd: Njáll Fannar Reynisson.
V E Ð U R S T O F A Í S L A N D S / Á R S S K Ý R S L A 2 0 1 8
3
Viðburðaríkt ár er að baki
hjá starfsfólki Veðurstofunnar
enda felast jafnan margar og
fjöl breyttar áskoranir í vöktun
og rannsóknum á náttúru -
öflum landsins.
Loftslagsmál eru mjög á
döfinni enda stærsta
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/arsskyrslur/VI_Arsskyrsla_2018_vef.pdf
vhm145 Vestari-Jökulsá D+J+L 844 751 11.3 924 1971–2014
vhm167 Austari-Jökulsá D+J 553 916 28.8 1208 1985–2014
8
vhm59
vhm64
vhm66
vhm102
vhm116
vhm162
vhm233
vhm235
vhm238
vhm144
vhm145
vhm167
Figure 1. Location of river basins.
9
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
ll
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
ll
l
l
l
l l
0 100 200 300
50
15
0
25
0
35
0
Days since Sept. 1st
Q
(m
³/s
)
vhm59
S O N D J F M A M J
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_009.pdf