M
(171FT
)
FRE
Q
UENCIE
S
(PE
R
CENT
)
O
F
OCCU
R
RENC
E
O
F
CONCURREN
T
WIN
D
DIRECTIO
N
(I
N
30
0
SEC
T
ORS
)
AN
D
SPEE
D
(I
N
KN
O
TS
)
WITHI
N
SPECIFIE
D
RANGE
S
ANN
U
A
L
WIN
D
WIN
D
SPEE
D
(KT)
)
DIRECTIO
N
CAL
M
1–
5
6–1
0
11–1
5
16–2
0
21–2
5
26–3
0
31–3
5
36–4
0
41–4
5
46–5
0
>5
0
T
O
T
A
L
V
ARIABL
E
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
35-36-0
1
3
2
3
3
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
14
02-03-0
4
0
2
4
4
3
1
0
0
/media/vedur/aerodrome_summaries_20140603.pdf
] 1000 1006 1012
T0 [ C] 1 5 9
LT [K km 1] 7.1 6.3 5.1
L [K km 1] 2.6 5.7 7.9
within that part of the island with terrain up to 1000 m above mean sea level (mASL). The expo-
nential decrease in pressure with height outweighs the linear decrease in temperature, leading to
an effective decrease in air density with height. The standard value of 1.225 kg m 3 is therefore
only appropriate at low
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2013/2013_001_Nawri_et_al.pdf
Energy group in CES
climate change. The principal aims of the wind energy group are to:
• Analyse extreme wind in the Nordic countries extreme wind atlas (50-year wind in 100 m height)
• Investigate climate change impact on the extreme and strong wind
• Development of a sea-state model to estimate fair-weather windows for offshore wind farms
The Global Climate Models (AOGCM) are downscaled
/media/ces/ces_wind_flyer-hq.pdf
the maximum discharge of jökulhlaup water at the glacier
terminus is estimated as 97 m3 s 1. This jökulhlaup was a fast-rising jökulhlaup as
other jökulhlaups in Skaftá and cannot be described by the traditional Nye-theory of
jökulhlaups. The total volume of flood water was estimated as 53 Gl. The average
propagation speed of the subglacial jökulhlaup flood front was found to be in the range
0.2–0.4 m s 1
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf
but are considered for climatological anal-
yses only if their centre depression on the 1000 hPa geopotential height field reaches at least 20
m relative to the 24 surrounding grid points over the course of their lifetime.
7
This study is concerned with well-developed, persistent, mid- to high-latitude large-scale weather
systems, rather than their early detection and tracking. Therefore, cyclones
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_005.pdf
and goals to un-
certainty in data and models have to be taken into account in
the management process.
The fundamental importance of uncertainty in water man-
agement can be illustrated by EU’s Water Framework Direc-
tive (WFD). The WFD is an outcome of EU environmental
policy, where one of the basic principles is ‘‘to contribute to
Uncertainty in the environmental m
and guidanc
Jens Christian
/media/loftslag/Refsgaard_etal-2007-Uncertainty-EMS.pdf
was 0.1–0.2 C and the flow was 40–50 l/s (Árni Hjartarson,
2015).
The inner Efri-Botnar area is similar to the outer cirque, but the thickness of the debris appears
to be somewhat greater. There are ridges and lateral glacier moraines within the cirque and the
thickness of the piles of loose materials near the mouth of the cirque is around 6–8 m. Glacier
striations from the end of the last ice age can
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2016/VI_2016_006_rs.pdf
-scale Category
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
F
a
t
a
l
i
t
i
e
s
Permanent Homes
Casualties and Timing
Casualties and Time of Day
150
200
250
I
n
d
e
x
V
a
l
u
e
Fatalities
0
50
100
Overnight Morning Early Afternoon Late Afternoon Late Evening
I
n
d
e
x
V
a
l
u
e
Injuries
Nocturnal Tornadoes
7
8
9
10
R
a
t
i
o
N
i
g
h
t
t
o
O
t
h
e
r
T
i
m
e
s
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
F0 F1 F2 F3 F4
F
/media/loftslag/Tornado_Impacts_-_FMI_Presentation.pdf
og hart sem skýra má með því að
það hafi verið undir þungu fargi jökulíss. Akureyrarbrekkurnar eru í aðalatriðum bakkar sem
myndaðir eru í þessi þéttu setlög, allt að 60 m háir, en nyrsti hluti brekknanna eru há klappar-
holt. Yfirborð er nú gróið og þakið jarðvegi en ýmislegt bendir þó til þess að fyrir 200–300 árum
hafi brekkurnar verið mikið til gróðurvana. Áður gekk sjór víðast alveg að
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2010/VI2010-006_web.pdf