Short distance
transportation
Long distance
r
g
y
i
n
p
u
t
o
x
i
d
e
E
m
i
s
M
W
h
-
1
8
4 -
M5 (-20%)
M6 (-30%) Energy wood in
power plant
Timber in pulp
and saw mill
transportation
Chipping
s
i
o
n
s
K
g
C
O
2
(b) Norway spruce: Myrtillus type
10
l
a
r
e
a
(
m
2
h
a
-
1
)
Basal area just
before thinning
Remaining basal
Thinning threshold
Energy
wood
thinning
8
9 B a
s
a
l
/media/ces/Alam_Ashraful_CES_2010.pdf
From 1925 to 1938, Aiviekste HPP
was the largest in Latvia.
Daugava and Aiviekste Basins
Study area
After Plavinas HPP was constructed in 1967,
territories near Plavinas city and above river to
Jekabpils city almost every spring are endangered
by floods caused mostly by ice jams.
Hydrological model
• since year 1994, HBV model is used at LVGMC
• HBV 96 model (version 4.5) was used to simulate
/media/ces/Kurpniece_Liga_CES_2010.pdf
(alb: AWS)
MODELLING LONG-TERM SUMMER AND WINTER BALANCES
? The authors 2009
Journal compilation ? 2009 Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography 241
ed temperatures relative to –20°C to account for de-cay of snow albedo at temperatures below the melt-ing point, following a study by Winther (1993). Wetested both approaches, and chose to use –5°C asthe minimum for the accumulated temperature
/media/ces/GA_2009_91A_4_Andreassen.pdf
very/somewhat worried about the greenhouse
effect (of these, 43% were very worried); in 19924 the percentage had increased to
89% (of these, 62% were very worried) (INRA (Europe), 1992). In 19955 public
concern was similar: 84% declared to be very/quite worried about climate change
as a global environmental threat (INRA (Europe)-ECO, 1995). By 2002 another
survey (EORG, 2002) suggested
/media/loftslag/Lorenzoni_Pidgeon_2006.pdf