in
estimation of climate change impacts on flooding. Generalisations based on only a few case studies, or
large scale flood assessments using only a few climate scenarios should be avoided in countries with var-
iable hydrological conditions.
2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Climate change has a multifaceted impact on river discharges:
on the one hand it poses a risk of increased
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Assessment Re-
port (AR4).
Topic 1 summarises observed changes in climate and their ef-
fects on natural and human systems, regardless of their causes, while
Topic 2 assesses the causes of the observed changes. Topic 3 pre-
sents projections of future climate change and related impacts un-
der different scenarios.
Topic 4 discusses adaptation and mitigation options over the
next few decades
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than can be expected to originate from the cauldrons, three to four times the wa-
ter equivalent of the accumulation of snow over the watershed of the cauldrons. It has
been estimated that flow from the cauldrons, in addition to the jökulhlaups, could be
2–5 m3 s 1 at maximum (Vatnaskil, 2005). It is possible that part of the sulfate-rich
groundwater from the glacier comes from the cauldrons
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but would have the form of a perfect characterisation of
natural variability.
3.4. The uncertainty matrix
The uncertainty matrix in Table 1 can be used as a too
get an overview of the various sources of uncertainty
a modelling study. The matrix is modified after Walke
et al. (2003) in such a way that it matches Fig. 3 and
that the taxonomy now gives ‘uncertainty type’ in descr
tions that indicate
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.............................................................................................. 45
5.3 Present weather ..................................................................................... 45
Appendix ......................................................................................................... 47
5
List of Figures
1 How PWD22 determines the type of precipitation. ........................................ 11
2 Number of records as a function of the height
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These
working hypotheses have been further developed into a
methodology for evaluating the level of Adaptive and
Integrated Water Management, which resulted in an ana-
lytical framework for assessing regime characteristics,
consisting of nine different dimensions of variables:
1. Agency
2. Awareness Raising & Education
3. Type of governance
4. Cooperation structures
5. Policy development
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........... 31
Table 21. Recommended survey stations for the national network. ...................................... 36
Table 22. Recommended monitoring stations for volcanic activity. ...................................... 36
7
1 Introduction
The group's main task was to assess the present status of the CGPS network, focusing on
hardware issues, communication routes, network optimization, data
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