about 28% and losses from the polar ice sheets
contributing the remainder. From 1993 to 2003 the sum of these
climate contributions is consistent within uncertainties with the total
sea level rise that is directly observed. {WGI 4.6, 4.8, 5.5, SPM, Table
SPM.1}
Observed decreases in snow and ice extent are also consistent
with warming (Figure 1.1). Satellite data since 1978 show that an-
nual average
/media/loftslag/IPPC-2007-ar4_syr.pdf
1). Over the same period, the average total number of
people reported affected2 per decade rose by 1200%, from
approximately 38 thousand to 480 thousand. Meanwhile,
the total cost of reported damage3 doubled, from US$ 1.2
billion to US$ 2.4 billion (2006 prices), although this could
partially be explained by a higher density or vulnerability
of infrastructure and areas being used by humans. More
/media/loftslag/Huntjens_etal-2010-Climate-change-adaptation-Reg_Env_Change.pdf
• Methodology
• Key findings
• Conclusions
2
Forestry in Finland
1. Land area distribution 2. Species distribution
Total Forestry land 26.3 mill. ha
3. Growing stocks, increment and drain 4. Site type distribution
Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute, 2008
3
Forest management
Final felling
Timber
Energy biomass
Thinning
Timber
Pre-commercial or
energy biomass thinning
Regeneration Regeneration
4
/media/ces/Alam_Ashraful_CES_2010.pdf
with the same method used to estimate
qR(D;T ), but instead of pooling AMF series for a given duration D from different sites, the
estimation is made individually for each site i by pooling AMF series for different durations D.
The index flood, µi(D), is modelled at each site i as a continuous function of D, as follows:
12
µi(D) =
µi
1+(D=Di)li
; (6)
where µi, Di and li are basin dependent parameters
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_007.pdf
into three categories:
those characterized by numerous lakes in the central part of the
country; small and medium sized coastal rivers; and large and
medium sized rivers of northern Finland (Fig. 1b) (Mustonen,
1986; Korhonen and Kuusisto, 2010). Thousands of lakes (4500
over 0.5 km2 and 188,000 lakes of at least 0.05 ha) that cover about
10% of the total area of Finland give the watersheds in central
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
understanding of the problem may only
be reached by stakeholder dialogues.
2.1.2 Type of Uncertainty
Walker et al. (2003) distinguished between various levels of uncertainty: determinism,
statistical uncertainty, scenario uncertainty, recognised ignorance and total (unrecognised)
ignorance. Refsgaard et al. (2007) added qualitative uncertainty from Brown (2004) and
adopted the name ‘types’ instead
/media/loftslag/VanderKeur_etal-2008-Uncertainty_IWRM-WARM.pdf
...................................................................................................................................................................... 74
Nawri, N. and Björnsson, H.
Surface Air Temperature and Total Precipitation Trends for Iceland in the 21st Century ..................................... 76
Räisänen, J.
Probabilistic projections of temperature and precipitation change for the period 2021-2050 ............................... 78
HYDROLOGICAL PROJECTIONS, RUNOFF
Beldring, S
/media/ces/ces-oslo2010_proceedings.pdf
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/media/loftslag/Hare-2011-ParticipatoryModelling.pdf
probably a few meters.
An interactive 3D model of the earthquakes during the magma
intrusion. The di?rent colours represent the activity in time from
16 August to 12 September.
During the magma intrusion, intense earthquake activity related to
subsidence of the Bárðarbunga caldera was located at the caldera
rim. Over 70 earthquakes above magnitude 5 occurred in the first
four months after the onset
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/IMO_AnnualReport2014.pdf
at each site i with the same method used to estimate qR(D;T ), but instead of pooling
AMF series for a given duration D from different sites, the estimation is made individually for
each site i by pooling AMF series for different durations D (see Crochet, 2012c). The index
flood µi(D), is modeled at each site i as a continuous function of D, as follows:
µi(D) =
µi
1+(D=Di)li
; (5)
where µi, Di/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_001.pdf