6University of Washington,
Seattle, WA 98195, USA. 7NOAA Geophysical Fluid
Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
*Author for correspondence. E-mail: cmilly@usgs.gov.
An uncertain future challenges water planners.
Published by AAAS
on July 12, 201
1
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and operated in the Finnish Environment Institute (Vehviläinen
et al., 2005). The WSFS is used in Finland for operational hydrolog-
ical forecasting and flood warnings (www.environment.fi/water-
forecast/), regulation planning and research purposes
(Vehviläinen and Huttunen, 1997
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than can be expected to originate from the cauldrons, three to four times the wa-
ter equivalent of the accumulation of snow over the watershed of the cauldrons. It has
been estimated that flow from the cauldrons, in addition to the jökulhlaups, could be
2–5 m3 s 1 at maximum (Vatnaskil, 2005). It is possible that part of the sulfate-rich
groundwater from the glacier comes from the cauldrons
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf