and might thus still change. Further, the y-scale is logarithmic, which means that one step on the scale accords to a factor of 10.
Of interest - Bárðarbunga
Reduction of the accesscontrolled area around Holuhraun lava field
END OF ERUPTION declaredby the Scientific Board
Location map
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/articles/bigimg/3039
scenario Summer Winter
Temp ▲6˚c ▲7˚c.
Precip. +10% +30%
CO N l d bl2 ear y ou e
11
Forest management principles
1
)
Basal area just
before thinning
Thinning threshold
Energy
wood
Energy
biomass
a
r
e
a
(
m
2
h
a
-
1 thinningt i g
B
a
s
a
l
a
Basal area just
Remaining basal
area threshold
Dominant height (m)
after thinning
12
Management regimes
Changes in basal area thinning thresholds
/media/ces/Alam_Ashraful_CES_2010.pdf
inty in decision making linking pluriform uncertainty combining certified and tacit knowledge
Tommy Chan Mich el Laiho Patrick Driscoll Kare Lundgren Hector Guin a Barrientos
Eivind Junker Jussi Ylhäisi Athanasios Votsis
Karoliina Pilli-Sihvola Yuang Zheng Väi ö Nurmi Jiao Xi nj Wejs
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
n
t
n
o
.
a
b
s
t
r
a
c
t
n
o
.
n
a
m
e
c
o
u
n
t
r
y
d
i
s
c
i
p
l
i
n
e
(
M
S
c
.
)
1
3
/media/loftslag/programme2---PhD-Workshop-preceding-Adaptation-Research-Conference.pdf
of market organisation alternatives
26.8.2011Adriaan Perrels/IL 10
Cost-benefit analysis – the basics 3
Simple example: despite positive IRR still cash flow challenge years 1 - 8
CBA example - initial investment 100; interest and discount 5%;
operational cost +5%/y; benefits +10%/y; IRR = 7.4%
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
years
m
o
n
e
y
u
n
it
s
writing off
finance
/media/loftslag/Perrels-CBA.pdf
c
h
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e
,
D
e
n
m
a
r
k
CES conference, Oslo, Norway, 31 May - 2 June 2010
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4
5
0
5
2
5
4 8 9 10 11 12
5
4
.
5
5
5
.
0
D
a
t
a
s
o
u
r
c
e
:
C
e
n
t
r
e
f
o
r
E
c
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
H
y
d
r
o
l
o
g
y
,
U
K
D
a
t
a
s
o
u
r
c
e
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e
,
D
e
n
m
a
r
k
• 37 British and 22 Danish stations;
• natural or naturalized daily streamflow
data
/media/ces/AnneFleig_May2010_CES.pdf
and the Icelandic Coast Guard, see disclaimer.
The vertical displacement (m) was monitored by near real time presentation of data from a GPS station, mounted in the middle of the caldera. The elevation above sea level, top left, refers to the zero value on the y-axis, while such value top right shows the current position of the station (m a.s.l.).
The upper graph shows the first two weeks, 12 - 25
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/gps-measurements/bardarbunga/caldera/
that the plot is logarithmic, one tick on the y-scale corresponds to a factor of 10. Further, the general trend of the curve should be interpreted, and not single points, as they might be outliers. In both clusters, the moment release was largest shortly before the onset of the fissure eruption in Holuhraun and has decayed ever since.
Seismic activity on the caldera rim has constantly decreased
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/articles/nr/3083
and the Icelandic Coast Guard, see disclaimer.
The vertical displacement (m) was monitored by near real time presentation of data from a GPS station, mounted in the middle of the caldera. The elevation above sea level, top left, refers to the zero value on the y-axis, while such value top right shows the current position of the station (m a.s.l.).
The upper graph shows the first two weeks, 12 - 25
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/gps-measurements/bardarbunga/caldera
fatalities occurred in
mobile homes,
although only 7.6% of
U.S. housing units in
2000.
• A one standard
deviation in the
proportion of mobile
homes in housing stock
(8.3 percentage
points) increases
fatalities by 36% and
injuries by 18%.
The Mobile Home Problem
50
60
70
80
90
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
F
a
t
a
l
i
t
i
e
s
Mobile Homes
0
10
20
30
40
F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
F
/media/loftslag/Tornado_Impacts_-_FMI_Presentation.pdf
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
co
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
M
o
i
s
t
u
r
e
co
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
p
r
e
c
i
p
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
M
o
n
t
h
l
y
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
De
c
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
L
i
t
t
e
r
,
h
u
m
u
s
and dead trees
Tree population
Species composition,
age and size
distribution, growth rate
of different species
Potential growth
/media/ces/CES_BioFuels_Flyer_new.pdf