on the costs of
weather related delays and interruptions. Leviäkangas (2007) mentions an amount of 20 ~ 30
million euro per year. As mentioned before over time road users will start to adapt if they realize
that certain delays occur too frequently. Responses could vary from shifts in departure time to
switching to another mode or even relocation of activities.
A note on service levels
In road
/media/loftslag/Outline_for_the_case_Road_maintenance_in_a_changing_climate.pdf
of Storbreen, Norway. Journal of Glaciology, 54 (185), 245-258. (Available online at IGS: http://www.igsoc.org/journal/54/185/j07j058.pdf.).
Crochet, P. (2007). A study of regional precipitation trends in Iceland using a high quality gauge network and ERA-40. J. Climate, 20(18), 4659-4677, doi: 10.1175/JCLI4255.1.
Crochet P., Jóhannesson T., Jónsson T., Sigurðsson O., Björnsson H., Pálsson F. & Barstad I
/ces/publications/nr/1940
conditions as a lower
boundary condition from the driving GCM. The RCAO model-output is from a pan-arctic
run for the years 1960–2080 at approx. 50 km resolution. The first 20 years of the model run
must be considered as spin-up time for the ocean module. The RCAO run is experimental
since the model is in a development state and the output has not yet been evaluated over
Greenland (Ralf Döscher, personal
/media/ces/ces_geus_paakitsoq_full_report.pdf
varð mest 123 m3 s 1 en rennsli hlaupsins við jökuljaðar varð mest 97 m3 s 1. Þetta
hlaup er ekki hægt að skýra með viðteknum kenningum um jökulhlaup fremur en
önnur Skaftárhlaup. Heildarrúmmál hlaupsins var 53 Gl. Geymsla vatns í hlaupfar-
veginum undir jöklinum var reiknuð út frá rennslisgögnunum en hún varð mest 35 Gl,
sem samsvarar tveimur þriðju af heildarrúmmáli hlaupsins. Geymslan í
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf
magnitudes. (b) Seismic tremor amplitude in three different frequency bands. (c) Volcanic plume
height. (d) Number of lightning. Lightning and tremor amplitude roughly correlate with plume
height.
Intensifi ed human activity and a growing
population have changed the climate and the
land biosphere. One of the most widely recog-
nized human perturbations is the emission of
carbon dioxide (CO2
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11 / 12 MPI-ESM-LR REMO2009 45 / 85
13 / 14 IHCEC-EC-Earth RCA4 45 / 85
15 / 16 IHCEC-EC-Earth COSMO-CLM4-8-17 45 / 85
17 / 18 CNRM-CERFACS-CM5 RCA4 45 / 85
19 / 20 CNRM-CERFACS-CM5 COSMO-CLM4-8-17 45 / 85
11
3 Which domain, resolution, and models of the CORDEX
project should be selected for the analysis of 21st
century climate change in Iceland?
The subject of this chapter
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2017/VI_2017_009.pdf
mass balance of three small ice caps (with areas from 15 to 80 km2) over 6 to
20 years, were efficiently estimated from maps of glacier elevation changes deduced by SPOT
5 HRS, EMISAR and aerial photographs
• Accuracy of estimating the elevation changes, was greatly improved by using the highly precise
EMISAR DEM as a reference for co-registration and offset correction
EMISAR
Co-registration
/media/ces/glacier_mass_balance_poster.pdf
on the afternoon of Friday,
27 August 2010 (at a time that enables catching late return flights to Norway and Denmark).
Day one: 26 August 2010
9:00 opening and welcome by local representative Sigrún Karlsdóttir and by Adriaan Perrels (FMI, Fi) as NONAM coordinator
9:20 p1 Jens Christian Refsgaard (GEUS, Dk). Uncertainty and Risk - terminology and concepts
9:50 p2 Gareth James Lloyd (DHI, Dk). What
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not representative of present or future climate
conditions?
Winter mean T in Helsinki (1961-2008)
1961-
20081961-
1990
Temperature (°C)
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
-12 4
Simplest case: change in mean climate,
with no change in the magnitude of variability
If variability changes as well, the two tails of the distribution
(e.g., warm and cold) will be affected differently.
IPCC (2001
/media/ces/RaisanenJouni_CES_2010.pdf