HYDROPOWER IN ICELAND
Impacts and adaption in future climate
Authors
Óli Grétar Blöndal Sveinsson (Phd)
Úlfar Linnet (MSc)
Elías B. Elíasson (MSc)
Landsvirkjuns system
•Installed power 1850 MW
• 96 % Hydroelectricity
• 4% Geothermal
•Production capacity 13 TWh/a
•Customer base
• 86 % Large industries
• 14 % Small businesses / Household
•No connection to other countries
•Reliability a major
/media/ces/Linnet_Ulfar_CES_2010.pdf
and Torfajo¨kull but not for Eyjafjallajo¨kull, rather than an actual sensitivity difference. Effects
of cold and dry years are ignored in the uncertainty calculation.
(a) (b) Using temperature at Vı´k (c) Using temperature at Hveravellir
AAR (%)
All seasons @bn=@T
(m w. eq. yr1 8C1)
Summer @bn=@T
(m w.eq. yr1 8C1)
All seasons @bn=@T
(m w.eq. yr1 8C1)
Summer @bn=@T
(m w.eq. yr1 8C1)
E 2025
/media/ces/Gudmundsson-etal-2011-PR-7282-26519-1-PB.pdf
Veðurstofu Íslands VÍ-G99007-JA02.
Sigurður Th. Rögnvaldsson 1999. Kort yfir sjálfvirkt ákvarðaðar staðsetningar jarðskjálfta á Íslandi. URL: http://hraun.vedur.is/ja/englishweb/index.html, 21.06.1999.
Sigurður Th. Rögnvaldsson og R. Slunga 1993. Routine fault plane solutions for local networks: A test with synthetic data. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 83, pp. 1232 1247.
Sigurður Th. Rögnvaldsson og R
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/conferences/jsr-2009/sigurdur/
Veðurstofu Íslands VÍ-G99007-JA02.
Sigurður Th. Rögnvaldsson 1999. Kort yfir sjálfvirkt ákvarðaðar staðsetningar jarðskjálfta á Íslandi. URL: http://hraun.vedur.is/ja/englishweb/index.html, 21.06.1999.
Sigurður Th. Rögnvaldsson og R. Slunga 1993. Routine fault plane solutions for local networks: A test with synthetic data. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 83, pp. 1232 1247.
Sigurður Th. Rögnvaldsson og R
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/conferences/jsr-2009/sigurdur
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/media/loftslag/VanderKeur_etal-2008-Uncertainty_IWRM-WARM.pdf
model grid point must be taken into account. At latitude f , the grid-box
size is given by
dA = a2 cosf dldf ; (1)
where a = 6371 km is the Earth’s mean radius, and latitude and longitude are measured in
radians. For the ECMWF reanalyses, angular grid-point spacing dl = df = p=180 is constant
across the domain. The low-pressure centre count at each grid point is then multiplied by dA=dA,
with mean
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_005.pdf
Nesjum
0-5 5-10 10 15 20-15
2008-2018
1979-1989
Dæmi um ólíkt rennslismynstur.
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
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Júní
mánaðarmeðaltal
Ársmeðaltal
Rennsli
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Sigurvegarinn í getraun Veðurstofunnar á Vísindavöku Rannís hlaut
heimsókn á Veðurstofuna að launum. Salka Elín Sæþórsdóttir ásamt
vinum sínum, Ými og Bjarti. Með þeim á myndinni er Ragnar Heiðar
Þrastarson, fagstjóri landfræðilegra
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/arsskyrslur/VI_Arsskyrsla_2018_vef.pdf
M A M J J A l
ll l
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0 100 200 300
60
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100
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Days since Sept. 1st
Q
(m
³/s
)
vhm102
S O N D J F M A M J J A
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0 100 200 300
30
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Days since Sept. 1st
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(m
³/s
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vhm116
S O N D J F M A M J J A
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0 100 200 300
20
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Days since Sept. 1st
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(m
³/s
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_009.pdf
an important part of the runoff from many areas. In total, approximately
20% of runoff in Iceland originates from groundwater (Hjartarson, 1994a).
In the above mentioned previous simulation of runoff map for Iceland for the period 1961–
1990, groundwater was omitted. Effects of groundwater flowing across watershed
boundaries were simulated by scaling the precipitation for each watershed. On watersheds
/media/ces/2010_017.pdf