presents the study area and data. Sec-
tion 3 describes the methodology. Section 4 presents the results and Section 5 concludes the
report.
2 Study area and data
2.1 River basins
Rivers in Iceland are often classified according to the origin of flow (Rist, 1990): direct runoff
(D), spring-fed (L), glacier-fed (J) and whether they flow through lakes (S). Twelve river basins
were selected for this study
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_009.pdf
; fax: +358 20 490 2590.
E-mail address: Noora.Veijalainen@ymparisto.fi (N. Veijalainen).
Journal of Hydrology 391 (2010) 333–350
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Hydrology
journal homepage: www.elsevier .com/ locate / jhydrol
Author's personal copy
narios from GCMs or RCMs, and with different emission scenarios
(e.g. Menzel et al., 2006; Minville et al., 2008; Prudhomme and Da
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
a systematic com-
parison of results to observed precipitation has been carried out. Un-
dercatchment of solid precipitation is dealt with by looking only at
days when precipitation is presumably liquid or by considering the
occurrence and non-occurrence of precipitation. Away from non-
resolved orography, the long term means (months, years) of observed
and simulated precipitation are often
/media/ces/Paper-Olafur-Rognvaldsson_92.pdf
with 20% and 2% for the HIRHAM experiments
using HadAM3H and with 30% and 7% for the ECHAM-
driven experiments for Middle Europe and Scandinavia,
respectively.
[18] RCM output is not available for the entire period
1961–2100 because transient RCM simulations are com-
putationally very demanding. Instead two 30-year time
slices are available; one representative for the climate in
the period 1961–1990
/media/loftslag/vanRoosmalen_etal-2009-WRR_2007WR006760.pdf
This is also the case with
cyclones in all three sectors. Cyclones in the eastern or western sector are also strongly affected
by the presence of central cyclones. In both sectors, cyclones tend to move east, unless there are
cyclones in the neighbouring sector, in which case pressure tendencies are reversed.
21
Figure 10. Composite mean temporal MSLP tendencies, for different MSLP modes. Com-
posite mean
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_005.pdf
level in Skeidará waned. The last sign of a
crater explosion was seen at GRF early on 6
November, leaving only a weak tremor signal
from the remnants of the jökulhlaup. The
jökulhlaup fi nally ended in early December,
after ~0.8 km3 of water had drained from the
Grímsvötn lake (J. Hardardóttir, personal com-
munication, 2005).
Location and Volume Constraints
Earthquake locations at Grímsvötn
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