that such a system can potentially be in equilibrium. It is more
Fig. 4. Output of various Fuzzy Cognitive Maps. X-axis: number of iteration steps; Y-axis: value of selected concepts.
K. Kok / Global Environmental Change 19 (2009) 122–133128
Author's personal copy
significant that it can be maintained without any policy incentive
(C12 < 0.05 after 20 iterations). In terms of the Fuzzy Cognitive
Map, using
/media/loftslag/Kok_JGEC658_2009.pdf
the automatic station shows 0 the manual station shows
15 (precipitation is more than 5 km distance) in 20 cases. In 22 cases the manual station shows
21
62 (Rain, not freezing, intermittent, moderate at time of observation) while the automatic station
shows 61 (light rain).
0
250
500
750
1000
0 1 2 3 10 11 15 16 20 21 23 24 25 26 40 41 50 51 52 53 58 60 61 62 63 64 67 70 71 72 73 80 81 83 84 85
Present
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2019/VI_2019_009.pdf
]
m
³/s
l l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l l l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
E[Q(D=0)] vhm148
l
l
REF
IFM−ROI
IFM−CLU
l IFM−WaSiM
l l l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
2 4 6 8 10 12
20
0
40
0
60
0
80
0
IFM no.
E[
Q]
m
³/s
l l l
l l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l l l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
E[Q(D=0)] vhm149
l
l
REF
IFM−ROI
IFM−CLU
l IFM−WaSiM
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l l
l
2 4 6 8 10 12
20
0
40
0
60
0
80
0
IFM no.
E[
Q]
m
³/s
l
l
l
l
l
l l
l l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l l
l l l
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_007.pdf
emission scenario were even
greater, on average 5.1% units (Fig. 5), indicating that the GCMs are
a greater source of uncertainty than the choice of emission sce-
nario or RCM.
The flow regimes in different regions in Finland are demon-
strated with the five example hydrographs of the reference period
and of 2070–2099 (Fig. 8a–e, see Fig. 1c for locations). In northern
(Fig. 8a) and central (Fig. 8b/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
scale, used to identify weather analogues. These fields are
extracted twice daily (00UTC and 12UTC) on a 1 x 1 latitude-longitude grid from the
ECMWF operational analysis and forecasts available for the period 2001–2006. The ana-
logue meteorological situations are extracted from the ERA-40 reanalysis archive (Uppala
et al., 2005) for the period 1958–2001.
14
Predictants:
Gridded series of daily
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_006.pdf