and that paving major roads will lead to deforestation.
C3: Conservation units. A large percentage of the Amazon (close
to 33%) is classified as some kind of protected area. This includes
indigenous reserves, federal parks and national parks. Only
about 5% is strictly protected, although it is argued that ‘paper
parks’ can also be effective.
C4: Forest accessibility. The amount of forest
/media/loftslag/Kok_JGEC658_2009.pdf
significantly in eastern parts of North and South America,
northern Europe and northern and central Asia whereas precipita-
tion declined in the Sahel, the Mediterranean, southern Africa and
parts of southern Asia. Globally, the area affected by drought has
likely2 increased since the 1970s. {WGI 3.3, 3.9, SPM}
Some extreme weather events have changed in frequency and/
or intensity over the last 50
/media/loftslag/IPPC-2007-ar4_syr.pdf
24 July 2010
This manuscript was handled by K.
Georgakakos, Editor-in-Chief, with the
assistance of Ercan Kahya, Associate Editor
Keywords:
Climate change
Flood
Hydrological modelling
Flood inundation area
Hydraulic modelling
Finland
s u m m a r y
This paper provides a general overview of changes in flooding caused by climate change in Finland for the
periods 2010–2039 and 2070–2099. Changes
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
These approximations are simple and give satisfactory results
for total runoff, but for many other parameters such as snow storage, maximum winter snow
and thereby total amount of spring melt, these approximations are not acceptable in areas
with considerable groundwater flow. As shown in Figure 2 the annual number of days per
year with snow covered ground are suspiciously low in the area/media/ces/2010_017.pdf
earthquakes or a single earthquake with a large enough magnitude are located within a specific
area, based on the warning levels, an audio alarm warning will be played in the monitoring
office. However, for detecting tremor there has only been a simple amplitude warning, and no
“smart” warning system that automatically detects and warns of volcanic tremor, using the
coherency of a signal
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2021/VI_2021_008.pdf
(6 106 m3) per
month for the lake below the western cauldron and 9 Gl per month for the eastern caul-
dron. Data on water accumulation and lake water composition in the western cauldron
were used to estimate the power of the underlying geothermal area as 550 MW.
For a jökulhlaup from the Western Skaftá cauldron in September 2006, the low-
ering of the ice cover overlying the subglacial lake
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf
6University of Washington,
Seattle, WA 98195, USA. 7NOAA Geophysical Fluid
Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
*Author for correspondence. E-mail: cmilly@usgs.gov.
An uncertain future challenges water planners.
Published by AAAS
on July 12, 201
1
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1 FEBRUARY 2008 VOL 319 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org574
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