Refsgaard a,*, Jeroen P. v
Peter A. Vanroll
a Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenlan
b Copernicus Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
Utrecht University, Utrecht
c
Environmental Modelling & Softwar
equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ45 38 142 776; fax: þ45 38 142 050.
E-mail address: jcr@geus.dk (J.C. Refsgaard).
1364-8152
/media/loftslag/Refsgaard_etal-2007-Uncertainty-EMS.pdf
2007a, b). BNs were tested in a recent EU
research project MERIT (Bromley, 2005; www.merit-
eu.net) 2001–2004, and this tool is currently considered in
Uncer
wate
NeWa
an
tainty is a central theme in integrated and adaptive
r management, where different disciplines need to be
Monitor and evaluate outcomes; apply learning to
develop a better understanding of the system.
(4)
Implement policies;(3
/media/loftslag/Henriksen_Barlebo-2008-AWM_BBN-Journ_Env_Management.pdf
(Crochet, 2012a, b; Crochet & Þórarinsdóttir, 2014) and in
eastern Iceland (Crochet & Þórarinsdóttir, 2015). This study is a continuation of this work.
The capacity of the IFM to estimate design floods at ungauged locations is now evaluated for
river basins having substantial glacier coverage and/or substantial groundwater contribution to
streamflow. The report is organized as follows. Section 2
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_009.pdf
on average sea level and on regional weather systems. It is
defined here as the highest 1% of hourly values of observed sea level at a station for a given reference period.
31
Topic 1 Observed changes in climate and their effects
(a) Global average surface temperature
(b) Global average sea level
(c) Northern Hemisphere snow cover
Figure 1.1. Observed changes in (a) global average surface temperature
/media/loftslag/IPPC-2007-ar4_syr.pdf
of events closely.
Photo: Sigurlaug Gunnlaugsdóttir.
Bárðarbunga
Pálmi Erlendsson, Bergur H. Bergsson and others installing GPS and com-
munication equipment. Photos: Þorgils Ingvarsson and Benedikt G. Ófeigsson.
I C E L A N D I C M E T O F F I C E / A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 1 4
5
The magma intrusion from Bárðarbunga
to the eruption site at Holuhraun and
related tremor pulses
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/IMO_AnnualReport2014.pdf
the principalmethods have not changed much over the years, theamount of field work has varied. In the first 15 yearsthe monitoring programme at Storbreen was com-prehensive, often three or more snow density pits
were dug, snow depth was measured at about 600points and ablation was measured on 30 stakes
evenly distri uted on the glacier (Liestøl 1967).Based on experience of the snow pattern, the ob-
servations
/media/ces/GA_2009_91A_4_Andreassen.pdf
3. Differences in terrain elevation between HARMONIE model and 100-m-
resolution DEM (model minus DEM): (a) original DEM interpolated onto the HAR-
MONIE model grid, and (b) DEM horizontally averaged around each model grid point,
using an exponential shape function with a half-width of 1 km.
In addition to surface type, boundary-layer atmospheric properties are strongly influenced by
the height
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_005.pdf
Manage- Basic Purchase Road Road net- Const- Acquisi- Govern- Com- Participati- Value Miscel- Total 2009
ment and road of equip- system work post- ruction tion of ment missi- on of the added laneous cost
operating manage- ment develop- poned-, of land grants ons European tax over- level
costs ment ment comprehen- build- and com- Regional De- heads
1991- 1991- sive- and ings pensation
/media/loftslag/Traffc-maintenance_expenditures.pdf
scenario Summer Winter
Temp ▲6˚c ▲7˚c.
Precip. +10% +30%
CO N l d bl2 ear y ou e
11
Forest management principles
1
)
Basal area just
before thinning
Thinning threshold
Energy
wood
Energy
biomass
a
r
e
a
(
m
2
h
a
-
1 thinningt i g
B
a
s
a
l
a
Basal area just
Remaining basal
area threshold
Dominant height (m)
after thinning
12
Management regimes
Changes in basal area thinning thresholds
/media/ces/Alam_Ashraful_CES_2010.pdf