lake within the
caldera until the surrounding ice is breached.
When that happens, water escapes to cause a
jökulhlaup in the river Skeidará, after having
traveled ~50 km beneath the Skeidarárjökull
outlet glacier (Figure 1b). Jökulhlaups occur
there every 1–10 years and last from days to
weeks, each time releasing 0.4–4 km3 of water
[Björnsson, 2002]. Volcanic eruptions in Gríms-
vötn often
/media/jar/myndsafn/2005EO260001.pdf
.................................................................................................................. 10
Figure 4. Elevation distribution for Sandá í Þistilfirði (vhm 26, blue curve) and Austari-
Jökulsá (vhm 144, red broken curve). .................................................................................... 16
Figure 5. Comparison of mean yearly temperature 1961–2005 for Sandá í Þistilfirði (vhm
26); an interpolation
/media/ces/2010_017.pdf
study and location of catchments. Catchment vhm278 is embedded
within vhm148 and catchment vhm277 is embedded within vhm149.
9
l
l l l
l
l
ll
l
l
l
l
l
l l l
l
l l
l
ll l l l
l
l
l ll
l
ll
l
l l
l l
l
0 100 200 300
10
0
20
0
30
0
40
0
Day since 1st Sept.
Q
m³
/s
VHM 148
S O N D J F M A M J J A
l
l
ll l l
l
ll
l
l
l
ll
l
l
ll l
l
0 100 200 300
15
0
25
0
35
0
45
0
Day since 1st Sept.
Q
m³
/s
VHM
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_007.pdf
) in Europe yield contradictory results on the changes
in floods in many parts of Europe, including Finland. Dankers and
Feyen (2008) reported a considerable reduction of 10–40% in
100-year discharges in Finland, much of northern Sweden and
north-western Russia by the end of the century due to decrease
in snow accumulation; however Lehner et al. (2006) evaluated that
the 100-year floods in the same areas
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
-time and
detects signal characteristics similar to previously observed eruptions using a three-fold
detection procedure based on: 1) an amplitude threshold; 2) the signal-to-noise ratio; and 3) an
emergent ramp-like shape. Data from six Icelandic eruptions was used to assess and tune the
module, which can provide 10–15 minutes of warning for Hekla up to over two hours of
warning for some other
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2021/VI_2021_008.pdf
Veðurstofa Íslands
2 Almannavarnadeild Ríkislögreglustjóra
3 Jarðvísindastofnun Háskólans
4 Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Bologna
5 Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Pisa
6 Jarðvísindadeild Háskóla Íslands
7 Agricultural University of Iceland
8 Consultant
Skýrsla nr. Dags. ISSN Opin Lokuð
VÍ 2020-011 Desember 2020 1670-8261 Skilmálar:
Heiti skýrslu
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_011_en.pdf
mode ................................................... 14
5 Errors associated with SURFEX .................................................................... 15
6 Statistical correction of model results .............................................................. 19
7 Original and corrected 2-m air temperature .................................................... 22
8 Original and corrected 10-m
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_005.pdf
of the model with
past observations, it is used to simulate the future response of
the glacier during the 21st century. The mass balance model
was forced with an ensemble of temperature and precipita-
tion scenarios derived from 10 global and 3 regional climate
model simulations using the A1B emission scenario. If the
average climate of 2000–2009 is maintained into the future,
the volume
/media/ces/Adalgeirsdottir-etal-tc-5-961-2011.pdf
Hveravellir í ágúst 2018.
Í bakgrunni eru Krákur og
Lyklafell til vinstri og Hnjúkar og
Búröll við Hundavötn til hægri.
Ljósmynd: Sighvatur K. Pálsson.
10
V E Ð U R S T O F A Í S L A N D S / Á R S S K Ý R S L A 2 0 1 8
Þróun í veðurspágerð
Veðurspár byggja á eðlisfræðilegum líkönum og mælingum, bæði
á yfirborði og í lofthjúpnum, þ.m.t. ýmsum fjarkönnunargögnum.
Reiknilíkön til að spá
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/arsskyrslur/VI_Arsskyrsla_2018_vef.pdf