into three categories:
those characterized by numerous lakes in the central part of the
country; small and medium sized coastal rivers; and large and
medium sized rivers of northern Finland (Fig. 1b) (Mustonen,
1986; Korhonen and Kuusisto, 2010). Thousands of lakes (4500
over 0.5 km2 and 188,000 lakes of at least 0.05 ha) that cover about
10% of the total area of Finland give the watersheds in central
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
dioxide (CO2) is the most important anthropogenic GHG.
Its annual emissions have grown between 1970 and 2004 by about
80%, from 21 to 38 gigatonnes (Gt), and represented 77% of total
anthropogenic GHG emissions in 2004 (Figure 2.1). The rate of
growth of CO2-eq emissions was much higher during the recent
10-year period of 1995-2004 (0.92 GtCO2-eq per year) than during
the previous period of 1970
/media/loftslag/IPPC-2007-ar4_syr.pdf
caldera
covered by 150- to 250-m-thick ice (Figure
1). Its highest peak, Grímsfjall, on the southern
caldera rim, reaches an elevation of 1722 m.
Volcanic eruptions there, numbering several
per century, are phreatomagmatic because
of the ice cover, and they usually persist for
days to weeks. Geothermal activity continu-
ously melts the overlying ice, and meltwater
accumulates in a subglacial
/media/jar/myndsafn/2005EO260001.pdf
and that the volume of the lava field is now little less than 1.4 km³. The flow of magma, during this period, was just under 100 m³ per second. The intensity of the eruption is there for slowly decreasing. Hopefully it will be possible to measure the volume of the lava field again later this week, which will give new numbers on the flow of magma.
Notes from the meeting of the Scientific Advisory
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/articles/nr/3071
and that the volume of the lava field is now little less than 1.4 km³. The flow of magma, during this period, was just under 100 m³ per second. The intensity of the eruption is there for slowly decreasing. Hopefully it will be possible to measure the volume of the lava field again later this week, which will give new numbers on the flow of magma.
Notes from the meeting of the Scientific Advisory
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/articles/nr/3071/
occurred two weeks ago. The daily
number of earthquakes larger than magnitude 3, as well as the total number of detected
earthquakes around the Bárðarbunga caldera, is now lower than it has been in previous
months. However, seismic activity in the dyke intrusion continues at rather stable levels with
15-25 detected earthquakes per day, all smaller than magnitude 2.
This day's report
/media/jar/Bardarbunga-2015_January-events.pdf
then increased around
00:30UTC and it is still very active with 1-10 earthquakes per minute. Later in
the night the activity shifted closer to the volcano in Geldingardalir. This
activity can be explained as magma intruding in the crust. There are currently no
indication of volcanic tremor in the area. Up to this point this
seismic swarm counted around1.400 automatically detected earthquakes and 90
/about-imo/news/update-on-the-eruption-in-geldingadalir
then increased around
00:30UTC and it is still very active with 1-10 earthquakes per minute. Later in
the night the activity shifted closer to the volcano in Geldingardalir. This
activity can be explained as magma intruding in the crust. There are currently no
indication of volcanic tremor in the area. Up to this point this
seismic swarm counted around1.400 automatically detected earthquakes and 90
/about-imo/news/update-on-the-eruption-in-geldingadalir/
0) and today, 16 December (week 18). The cumulative moment and numbers of events are calculated for each week; i.e. for each week the earthquakes of certain magnitude ranges were counted and the moment of all earthquakes was simply summed up.
Both upper panels show the activity in the dyke, where left panel shows the cumulative moment release per week and the right panel the weekly number
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/articles/nr/3039
1). Over the same period, the average total number of
people reported affected2 per decade rose by 1200%, from
approximately 38 thousand to 480 thousand. Meanwhile,
the total cost of reported damage3 doubled, from US$ 1.2
billion to US$ 2.4 billion (2006 prices), although this could
partially be explained by a higher density or vulnerability
of infrastructure and areas being used by humans. More
/media/loftslag/Huntjens_etal-2010-Climate-change-adaptation-Reg_Env_Change.pdf