-010-9816-7, Figs. 1&3
North American droughts
last 1200 years
Cook et al. JQS 2010, 25(1), p.48-61, Figs. 4&7
Volcanic aerosols
Changing solar radiation
Changing greenhouse gas
concentrat ions – natural and
human
Anthropogenic and natural
emissions of aerosols
Changed land use
Internal dynamics
IPCC 2007, Fig. 6.13
Reasons behind the changes
Mann et al. Science 2009, 326, p.1257, Fig. 1
Past
/media/ces/Moberg_Anders_CES_2010.pdf
emission of greenhouse gases, through
an intensified energy saving effort and in 2025 the water sector has become CO2
neutral.
Objectives:
Each objective expresses the most important measurable overall targets to ensure that we
keep the overview. Objectives are not listed in order of priority and for some objectives it
is a prerequisite that the right conditions are established which must
/media/loftslag/Helle_Katrine_Andersen_(DANVA,_Dk).pdf
water courses. This can in some cases cause locally very large relative changes in the discharge of rivers that issue from glacier margins, with implications for bridges, roads and other infrastructure.
During historical times, glaciers and ice caps in the Nordic countries have retreated and advanced in response to climate changes that are believed to have been much smaller than the greenhouse/ces/project/hydropower_snow_ice/
of temperature and precipitation change are
presented in map format and their interpretation is briefly discussed.
2
1. Introduction
Despite the strong scientific consensus that increases in atmospheric greenhouse gases will
lead to substantial changes in the global climate during this century (IPCC 2007), estimates of
the magnitude (and for some aspects of climate, the direction
/media/ces/D2.3_CES_Prob_fcsts_GCMs_and_RCMs.pdf
6University of Washington,
Seattle, WA 98195, USA. 7NOAA Geophysical Fluid
Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
*Author for correspondence. E-mail: cmilly@usgs.gov.
An uncertain future challenges water planners.
Published by AAAS
on July 12, 201
1
www.sciencemag.or
g
Downloaded from
1 FEBRUARY 2008 VOL 319 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org574
POLICYFORUM
combined with opera-
tions
/media/loftslag/Milly_etal-2008-Stationarity-dead-Science.pdf
@fmi.fi
THIS POSTER IS A SUBSET OF A DELIVERABLE REPORT
AVAILABLE FROM
http://www.atm.helsinki.fi/~jaraisan/CES_D2.2/CES_D2.2.html
SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY IN CLIMATE
CHANGE FORECASTS
A schematic view of sources of uncertainty in climate change as a function of
time. In the long run, most of the uncertainty relates to the magnitude of
greenhouse gas emissions (unknown future behaviour
/media/ces/CES_D2_2_poster_3x3.pdf
retreated and advanced in
response to climate changes that are believed to have been much smaller than the greenhouse-
induced climate changes that are expected during the next decades to century. The “Hydropower,
snow and ice” work group of CES will analyse the effects of future climate change on glaciers and
ice caps in Nordic countries and their implications for the hydrology of glacial rivers
/media/ces/ces_flyer_glacierssnowandice.pdf
Introduction
There is almost global consensus among the scientific community that there exists a
causal relationship between human activities and climate change, with compelling
evidence that climatic changes result from the combination of natural variability
and human influences, in particular greenhouse gases emitted from the use of fossil
fuels and land-use changes (Houghton et al., 2001). Climate
/media/loftslag/Lorenzoni_Pidgeon_2006.pdf
of the greenhouse effect. The warming was largest to the north of 50°N, less elsewhere.
Hungurdiskar - lummuís
Figure 2. Hunger plates - pancake ice. A drawing by Fridtjof Nansen April 18 1882 at a location not far from Jan Mayen. (Credit: Fridtjof Nansen: Blant sel og bjørn: min første Ishavs-ferd. Oslo, Aschehoug, 1924.)
The warming did not culminate at the same time everywhere
/climatology/articles/nr/1138
of the greenhouse effect. The warming was largest to the north of 50°N, less elsewhere.
Hungurdiskar - lummuís
Figure 2. Hunger plates - pancake ice. A drawing by Fridtjof Nansen April 18 1882 at a location not far from Jan Mayen. (Credit: Fridtjof Nansen: Blant sel og bjørn: min første Ishavs-ferd. Oslo, Aschehoug, 1924.)
The warming did not culminate at the same time everywhere
/climatology/articles/nr/1138/