than can be expected to originate from the cauldrons, three to four times the wa-
ter equivalent of the accumulation of snow over the watershed of the cauldrons. It has
been estimated that flow from the cauldrons, in addition to the jökulhlaups, could be
2–5 m3 s 1 at maximum (Vatnaskil, 2005). It is possible that part of the sulfate-rich
groundwater from the glacier comes from the cauldrons
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf
-time and
detects signal characteristics similar to previously observed eruptions using a three-fold
detection procedure based on: 1) an amplitude threshold; 2) the signal-to-noise ratio; and 3) an
emergent ramp-like shape. Data from six Icelandic eruptions was used to assess and tune the
module, which can provide 10–15 minutes of warning for Hekla up to over two hours of
warning for some other
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2021/VI_2021_008.pdf
radiation
flux between snow-free and snow-covered regions, under clear shies, are of the same magni-
tude as differences between overcast and clear-sky conditions over the same surface type. At
around noon, across the southern edge of Vatnajökull on 27 July, and across the northern edge
on 3 August, for example, the net shortwave radiation flux increases from 300 W m 2 over the
glacier to 500 W m 2/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_006.pdf
-year return period, based on the complete ICRA dataset. Timeseries were
extracted using the average value of all the grid-points within the catchment. 1M5 value
is shown in red.
Hálslón
2 years 5 years 10 years 25 years 50 years 100 years
3 hours 8 11 13 15 18 20
6 hours 18 23 27 31 36 39
12 hours 35 43 49 54 62 67
24 hours 60 70 78 85 94 101
48 hours 91 105 115 125 137 147
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2022/VI_2022_006_extreme.pdf
J600v berg 2.utg) were also used in this study.
Table 1. Main characteristics of river basins used in this study.
River Name Type Area Mean Percentage Mean annual Period
/ (km2) elevation glacier precipitation for
Gauging (m a.s.l) (mm) streamflow
station (1961-2014) data
vhm59 Ytri-Rangá L 622 365 0 1564 1961–2014
vhm64 Ölfusá L+D+J+S 5687 480 12.2 2003 1950–2014
vhm66 Hvítá (Borgarfirði) L+J 1577
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_009.pdf
behavior towards
a public good based on individual preferences, and provides insights into the type of indi-
viduals who best serve the social interest and those to avoid in institutional settings. This
distinction helps us to understand why, with the same incentives, the provision of public
goods works better in some populations than in others. In addition, our use of a sequential
public good
/media/loftslag/Public-Choice-2012---Teyssier---Inequity-and-risk-aversion-in-sequential-public-good-games.pdf
m
J
M5 [C°] -3
obs. [C°] -4
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/media/ces/2010_017.pdf
• Methodology
• Key findings
• Conclusions
2
Forestry in Finland
1. Land area distribution 2. Species distribution
Total Forestry land 26.3 mill. ha
3. Growing stocks, increment and drain 4. Site type distribution
Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute, 2008
3
Forest management
Final felling
Timber
Energy biomass
Thinning
Timber
Pre-commercial or
energy biomass thinning
Regeneration Regeneration
4
/media/ces/Alam_Ashraful_CES_2010.pdf