forcings. Decadal averages of observations are shown for the period 1906-2005 (black line) plotted against the
centre of the decade and relative to the corresponding average for the 1901-1950. Lines are dashed where spatial coverage is less than 50%. Blue shaded
bands show the 5 to 95% range for 19 simulations from five climate models using only the natural forcings due to solar activity
/media/loftslag/IPPC-2007-ar4_syr.pdf
the principalmethods have not changed much over the years, theamount of field work has varied. In the first 15 yearsthe monitoring programme at Storbreen was com-prehensive, often three or more snow density pits
were dug, snow depth was measured at about 600points and ablation was measured on 30 stakes
evenly distri uted on the glacier (Liestøl 1967).Based on experience of the snow pattern, the ob-
servations
/media/ces/GA_2009_91A_4_Andreassen.pdf
submitted to Jökull should report
original and unpublished work which is not
being considered for publication elsewhere.
Three copies of each paper, one original and
two copies of lower quality, prepared on a
typewriter or word-processor, in double line
spacing, single column and full page width
should be submitted.
Each paper is reviewed by at least two
independent referees. After
/media/jar/Jokull-guidlines.pdf
of Ólafsvík is to the left. The fracture line of the avalanche on 19 March 2012 is visible near the top of the slope to the right in the photograph and the avalanche tongue extends to the foot of the slope below the fracture line (this is where the lower part of the hillside is whiter than elsewhere). The fracture line extends into the supporting structures at the location of the topmost row and extends
/about-imo/news/bigimg/2476
of Ólafsvík is to the left. The fracture line of the avalanche on 19 March 2012 is visible near the top of the slope to the right in the photograph and the avalanche tongue extends to the foot of the slope below the fracture line (this is where the lower part of the hillside is whiter than elsewhere). The fracture line extends into the supporting structures at the location of the topmost row
/avalanches/articles/bigimg/2475
and 'C' stations for semi-permanent monitoring and
research purposes.
Table 4. Snapshot of stations status.
Status Number of A
stations
Number of B
stations
Number of C
stations
Total
number
On-line 19 29 5 53
Off-line5 11 1 17
Total number 24 40 6 70
2.2 Equipment inventory
Currently inventory listings for stations and equipment in the CGPS network are far from
being up-to-date
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2011/2011_005.pdf
when the spring floods decreased and autumn
and winter floods increased.
The differences between the scenarios were estimated by com-
paring the average changes of the scenarios (marked with dia-
monds in Fig. 5). The differences between different emission
scenarios with the same GCM were rather small; the average
changes in floods differed on average by 1.7% units in 2070–
2099. The B1 scenario
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
2008)
together with a regression line through this data set and a regression line derived for a data set
of more than a hundred valley glaciers (Bahr and others, 1997). The regression lines are of the
form
v = csg ; (5)
where v and s are glacier volume and area, respectively. The coefficient and exponent for the
Icelandic ice caps are c = 0:048, g = 1:23, when the area and volume are expressed
/media/ces/ces-glacier-scaling-memo2009-01.pdf