systematically underestimated. The bias is not as pronounced for the non glacial rivers. Com-
bining synoptic-scale and basin-scale predictors (method 3) leads to a substantial improvement
compared to the use of MSLP fields alone (method 1). Analogue forecasts become similar or
better than persistence, depending on catchment and lead time. Usually, persistence performs
better for T=1 day and then method 3
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2013/VI_2013_008.pdf
ECHAM4/OPYC3 NorClim/HIRHAM 25x25 km
'Empirical Adjustment' to 1 x 1 km
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
1 10 100 1000
Return period (years)
P
e
a
k
d
a
i
l
y
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
m
3
/
s
)
1981-2010 GEV from annual max series
2021-2050 GEV from annual max series
2021 - 2050 Annual maximum series
1981 - 2010 Annual maximum series
1981-2010
200-year flood
2021
/media/ces/Lawrence_Deborah_CES_2010.pdf
: - Hectopascal, 1 hPa = 1 mb.
I
Í
J
K
klst: klukkustund = hour, hours
km: - Kilometre - 1000 metres.
L
lau: laugardagur = Saturday
M
M - m: metre
m/s: Metres per second, wind speed
mán: mánudagur = Monday
mið: miðvikudagur = Wednesday
mín. minutes.
mm: - Millimetres. Precipiation is measured in mm.
N
N: Icelandic abbreviation of North (compass direction, northerly, northern).
NA
/weather/articles/nr/1208
: - Hectopascal, 1 hPa = 1 mb.
I
Í
J
K
klst: klukkustund = hour, hours
km: - Kilometre - 1000 metres.
L
lau: laugardagur = Saturday
M
M - m: metre
m/s: Metres per second, wind speed
mán: mánudagur = Monday
mið: miðvikudagur = Wednesday
mín. minutes.
mm: - Millimetres. Precipiation is measured in mm.
N
N: Icelandic abbreviation of North (compass direction, northerly, northern).
NA
/weather/articles/nr/1208/
that is lost from the main river course as further discussed in
the main text.
from the eastern cauldron are normally larger. They most often rise in one to two
days reaching maximum discharge in excess of 1000 m3 s 1. Maximum discharge of
nearly 2000 m3 s 1 has been measured. This discharge peak, which is much higher
than the normal discharge of Skaftá, lasts for three to four days (Zóphóníasson
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf
sides of the main debris flow paths. Point protection of individual buildings, in
particular some of the more important industrial buildings below Þófi, should also be
considered.
Contents
1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 9
2 Site description and geological setting
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2016/VI_2016_006_rs.pdf
38.1, W19º 26.4; on the northeast shoulder of the volcano at an elevation of about 1000 m. It was observed from air from 4-7 A.M. on March 21st. Lava flows short distance from the eruptive site, and minor eruption plume at elevation less than 1 km was deflected by wind to the west. Little later the plume was recorded on animated radar images.
Volcanic explosive index is 1 or less. Tephra fall
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/articles/nr/1852
October 2013 off shore North Iceland. Roughly 1000 earthquakes have been recorded in the swarm. Topography of seabed: Bryndís Brandsdóttir, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland.
News
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
/about-imo/news/bigimg/2757
Dominant height (m)
Basal area just
after thinning
area threshold
60 80 100 120
Energy wood (Mg ha-1)
60 80 100 120 60 80 100 120
17
Findings: ecosystem CO2 balance
548.4
400
600
7.8
150.4
0
200
-200
O
2
m
-
2
-390.86
-600
-400
g
C
O
1000
-800
-1097.6-1200
-
Management Litter Humus
18
Emissions Capture Balance
Conclusions
• Large amount of unutilised energy biomass are available in Finland
• Climate
/media/ces/Alam_Ashraful_CES_2010.pdf
Costs
of road maintenance are considerably high. Hence, it is important to optimize the maintenance to minimize
the costs. Fig. 1 shows the relationships between maintenance costs and different factors affecting the
costs.
Maintenance costs
Climate change
Technical
advancement
Policies
Traffic volume
Maintenance
strategies
Weather
Natural features
Research
Fig. 1 …….
Who are we
/media/loftslag/Group3-Road-scenarios.pdf