eruption at or near Grímsvötn, was about to
begin, or was already in progress. Immediately,
NCPA upgraded to alert phase and OACC di-
verted all air traffi c to >60 nautical miles (>111
km) distance from Grímsvötn. A volcano-SIG-
MET warning of a signifi cant meteorological
hazard to aviation was broadcast at 2026 UTC,
specifying the likely location and probable
height of the tephra plume
/media/jar/myndsafn/2005EO260001.pdf
) and Jónsdóttir (2008).
Therefore, comparison of measured and simulated water balance cannot be di-
rectly used for validation of the model-generated precipitation. According to the
non-scaled MM5 output for the period 1961–1990, mean precipitation for the
whole of Iceland was 1790 mm y−1. After scaling the precipitation, this value
was reduced to 1750mm y−1, i.e. by approximately 2%. This difference
/media/ces/Paper-Olafur-Rognvaldsson_92.pdf
combine with positive correlations between the zonal wind and precipi-
tation.
13
Figure 6. Daily reanalysis fields of mean sea level pressure in hectopascals (blue con-
tours), and 850 hPa geopotential height in metres (red contours), in winter (left column)
and summer (right column).
4 Identification of cyclone centres
Daily reanalysis fields of MSLP and 850 hPa geopotential height
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_005.pdf
were collected through a mail survey in Sweden,
Acceptability of travel demand managemen
of problem awareness, persona
Louise Erikssona,b,, Jo¨rgen Garvil
aDepartment of Psychology
bTransportation Research Unit
Available onlin
Abstract
y 26 (2006) 15–26
t measures: The importance
norm, freedom, and fairness
la,b, Annika M. Nordlunda,b
a˚ University, Sweden
Umea˚ University, Sweden
14 July 2006
/media/loftslag/Eriksson_Garvill_Nordlund_2006.pdf
of a belief system in a
given domain. It comprises of concepts (C) representing key drivers
of the system, joined by directional edges or connections (e)
representing causal relationships between concepts. Each con-
nection is assigned a weight eij which quanties the strength of the
causal relationship between concepts Ci and Cj (Kosko, 1986). A
positive weight indicates an excitatory
/media/loftslag/Kok_JGEC658_2009.pdf
in ground, rather than atmospheric temperature. Therefore, in the model,
sensible heat flux is defined positive, if heat is transferred from the atmosphere to the ground.
This is in contrast with latent heat fluxes, which are defined positive if directed upward. For
consistency between the two types of heat fluxes, and following a common meteorological con-
vention for non-radiative fluxes
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_006.pdf
at each site i with the same method used to estimate qR(D;T ), but instead of pooling
AMF series for a given duration D from different sites, the estimation is made individually for
each site i by pooling AMF series for different durations D (see Crochet, 2012c). The index
flood µi(D), is modeled at each site i as a continuous function of D, as follows:
µi(D) =
µi
1+(D=Di)li
; (5)
where µi, Di/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2014/VI_2014_001.pdf
by the
inhabitants on a daily basis for driving between towns and villages
for work, school, hobbies or di?erent services. Public avalanche
bulletins are also published for selected areas, aimed towards the
increasing number of backcountry travellers in Iceland during
winter time. The number of human-triggered avalanches recorded
by the Meteorological O>ce has increased substantially over
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/arsskyrslur/VI_Arsskyrsla_2018_vef.pdf