for free
• improve public image
• you are given money to do it
• to meet legal requirements
• because is it is fashionable
Non-altruistic reasons for adopting
participation...
Participation is very fashionable
• Water: EU Water Framework Directive art. 14
• Politics: EU citizens‘ visions
• Why?
– Fits the modern zeitgeist
• post-modern relativism
• loss of trust in formal institutions: political
/media/loftslag/Hare_1_PartINONAM.pdf
the report.
2 Study area and data
2.1 River basins
The region under study is located in the East fjords and the surrounding area (Fig. 1). This region
is characterised by a complex topography along the coast, Vatnajökull ice cap in the southwest
and highlands in the interior. This leads to large precipitation and temperature gradients in the
region (Crochet et al., 2007; Crochet & Jóhannesson, 2011). Eight
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/VI_2015_007.pdf
generation,
large investment are needed in transmission capacity
heat generation capacity and
especially in energy efficiency (producing energy services with
smaller amount of energy).
Globally, about 1.5 billion people are without modern energy
services.
1703/02/2010
Renewables dominate in investments in EU
Investments in electricity generation capacity in EU in 2009
Wind energy 39%
Natural gas 26
/media/ces/Savolainen_Ilkka_CES_2010.pdf
lake in a volcanic caldera in the interior of the Vatnajökull ice cap (Björns-
son, 1988). Jökulhlaups from Grímsvötn have been known since at least the fourteenth
century (Þórarinsson, 1939, 1974). In the beginning of the twentieth century there were
about ten years between outbursts but the floods diminished with time and became
more frequent. After a catastrophic, rapidly rising flood caused
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf
by 25 % in the interior of Ice-
land, where the large ice caps are located (Nawri and Björns-
son, 2010).
Before year 2010, the glacier model is forced with daily
mean records constructed from the monthly mean observed
temperature and precipitation as previously explained. Pos-
sible natural variations in the climate are important for near-
future projections as the magnitude of the expected
/media/ces/Adalgeirsdottir-etal-tc-5-961-2011.pdf
Kjøllmoenet al. 2007).Storbreen is located just east of the main waterdivide between east and west in southern Norwayand receives precipitation from both directions(Liestøl 1967). The glacier is part of an east–west
mass balance transect in southern Norway where
mass turnover is largest near the western coast anddecreases towards the drier interior (Andreassen etal. 2005). Storbreen is in this respect
/media/ces/GA_2009_91A_4_Andreassen.pdf
) noted that Iceland had a maritime
climate that was much milder than its position on the globe might suggest. In
data from 1981–2010, Iceland annual average temperatures ranged from 6°C at the
south coast to 3°C at the north coast, with a substantially colder highland
interior. In comparison with the latitudinal average for the same period, the
coastal temperatures in Iceland are 8–10°C warmer
/climatology/iceland/climate-report
) noted that Iceland had a maritime
climate that was much milder than its position on the globe might suggest. In
data from 1981–2010, Iceland annual average temperatures ranged from 6°C at the
south coast to 3°C at the north coast, with a substantially colder highland
interior. In comparison with the latitudinal average for the same period, the
coastal temperatures in Iceland are 8–10°C warmer
/climatology/iceland/climate-report/
6University of Washington,
Seattle, WA 98195, USA. 7NOAA Geophysical Fluid
Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
*Author for correspondence. E-mail: cmilly@usgs.gov.
An uncertain future challenges water planners.
Published by AAAS
on July 12, 201
1
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combined with opera-
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