which descended into the caldera
lake (Lake Öskjuvatn). The slide was released from
the southeastern caldera wall, triggering a tsunami
in the lake that washed up on the lakeshores all
around the lake, reaching up to 20–30 m elevation
above the water level. The wave travelled farthest
around 400 m (horizontally) into the flatland SE of
the crater Víti. Fortunately, the rockslide occurred
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2015/IMO_AnnualReport2014.pdf
m
J
M5 [C°] -3
obs. [C°] -4
nce 1
re 5. Comp
26); an int
temperatu
this system
y gridded v
picion abo
-Jökulsá w
similar dif
han observ
h elevation
ces the effe
months No
ly only on
high the tem
n band wi
refore be s
onthly tem
an Feb Ma
.2 -3.1 -3.
.3 -4.1 -3.
.1 1.0 0.6
arison of m
erpolation
re is shown
atic differe
alues, see T
ut the qual
atershed; b
ference wa
ations for t
gradient fo
/media/ces/2010_017.pdf
The hydrological simulations were performed with the Wa-
tershed Simulation and Forecasting System (WSFS) developed
and operated in the Finnish Environment Institute (Vehviläinen
et al., 2005). The WSFS is used in Finland for operational hydrolog-
ical forecasting and flood warnings (www.environment.fi/water-
forecast/), regulation planning and research purposes
(Vehviläinen and Huttunen, 1997
/media/ces/Journal_of_Hydrology_Veijalainen_etal.pdf
ea
th
,
th
e
m
et
ho
d
u
se
d
at
th
is
st
ag
e
fo
r
th
es
e
st
ak
eh
o
ld
er
typ
es
is
sp
ec
ied
.Sh
oul
d
ther
e
be
tw
o
o
r
mor
e
model
sbein
g
develope
d
in
th
e
process
,the
n
th
e
typ
e
o
fmode
lt
o
whic
h
th
e
metho
d
wa
s
applie
d
is
show
n
in
parentheses
.O
T
re
fe
rs
to
th
e
co
m
po
si
tio
n
o
ft
he
o
rg
an
iz
in
g
te
am
.
Fo
r
o
rg
an
iz
in
g
te
am
in
vo
lve
m
en
t
in
di
ffe
re
n
t
pa
rt
/media/loftslag/Hare-2011-ParticipatoryModelling.pdf
than can be expected to originate from the cauldrons, three to four times the wa-
ter equivalent of the accumulation of snow over the watershed of the cauldrons. It has
been estimated that flow from the cauldrons, in addition to the jökulhlaups, could be
2–5 m3 s 1 at maximum (Vatnaskil, 2005). It is possible that part of the sulfate-rich
groundwater from the glacier comes from the cauldrons
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_006_tt.pdf
and the eastern wall of the riverbed. Occasionally, small steam explosives occur at the edges. The lava advanced 600 m in the past 24 hours. It is still expanding towards north, away from the path of the river. The activity on the fissure is mostly confined to craters Suðri and Baugur.
The gas plume has been continuous and stable; mostly from crater Baugur. Lava fountains from Baugur have been 70-120
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/articles/nr/3001
The fissure
All the active part of the fissure, at noon 12 September 2014. Photo: Ármann Höskuldsson.
The lava is still advancing in the riverbed of Jökulsá á Fjöllum. A narrow flow with heavy
current is between the lava and the eastern wall of the riverbed. Occasionally, small steam
explosives occur at the edges. The lava advanced 600 m in the past 24 hours. It is still
expanding
/media/jar/Bardarbunga-2014_September-events.pdf
and the eastern wall of the riverbed. Occasionally, small steam explosives occur at the edges. The lava advanced 600 m in the past 24 hours. It is still expanding towards north, away from the path of the river. The activity on the fissure is mostly confined to craters Suðri and Baugur.
The gas plume has been continuous and stable; mostly from crater Baugur. Lava fountains from Baugur have been 70-120
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/articles/nr/3001/