in a collaboration between the Austrian engineering company Ingenieurbüro
Illmer Daniel e.U. (DI), Efla consulting engineers and the Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO).
Daniel Illmer carried out the analysis of landslide protection measures, Jón Kristinn Helgason,
Tómas Jóhannesson and Eiríkur Gíslason wrote sections about the geographical setting, the land-
slide history and the assessment
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2016/VI_2016_006_rs.pdf
from
computer implementation of the model, e.g. due to numer-
ical approximations, resolution in space and time, and
bugs in the software.
The total uncertainty on the model simulations, model output
uncertainty, can be assessed by uncertainty propagation taken
all the above sources into account.
3.3. Nature of uncertainty
Walker et al. (2003) explain that the nature of uncertainty
can
/media/loftslag/Refsgaard_etal-2007-Uncertainty-EMS.pdf
6University of Washington,
Seattle, WA 98195, USA. 7NOAA Geophysical Fluid
Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
*Author for correspondence. E-mail: cmilly@usgs.gov.
An uncertain future challenges water planners.
Published by AAAS
on July 12, 201
1
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1 FEBRUARY 2008 VOL 319 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org574
POLICYFORUM
combined with opera-
tions
/media/loftslag/Milly_etal-2008-Stationarity-dead-Science.pdf
in southern Norway (Fig.1). The glacier has a total area of 5.4 km2 and rangesin altitude from 1390 to 2090 m a.s.l. The glacierhas been mapped repeatedly, the most recent mapis from 1997. Areas calculated from the 1951 and1997 maps reveal an area reduction of about 0.4km2 in this period (Andreassen 1999). Lengthchange observations reveal a net retreat of about 60
m from 1997 to 2006 (data: NVE; e.g
/media/ces/GA_2009_91A_4_Andreassen.pdf
by the
inhabitants on a daily basis for driving between towns and villages
for work, school, hobbies or di?erent services. Public avalanche
bulletins are also published for selected areas, aimed towards the
increasing number of backcountry travellers in Iceland during
winter time. The number of human-triggered avalanches recorded
by the Meteorological O>ce has increased substantially over
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/arsskyrslur/VI_Arsskyrsla_2018_vef.pdf
of probabilistic tephra-fallout hazard map at Hekla volcano. .................. 40
Figure 16 Total Grain Size Distribution (TGSD) for Hekla and Katla scenarios .................... 41
Figure 17 Probabilistic hazard map for an event like 1980 at Hekla. ...................................... 42
Figure 18 Wind analysis for Hekla volcano
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_004.pdf
) organisations.
Secondly, interviews were conducted with adaptation policy-relevant actors at each level,
targeting those actors who are involved in policy development or administration, resulting in a
total of 94 interviews across the four European countries. Each interview was conducted in
the language of the interviewee, transcribed and translated (Table 1).
Table 1: Case study selection
/media/loftslag/Keskitalo_et_al-MLG_and_adaptation_FINAL.pdf
Occasional Paper no. 20, Center for
International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia.
Pelosi, C., M. Goulard, and G. Balent. 2010. The
spatial scale mismatch between ecological
processes and agricultural management: Do
difficulties come from underlying theoretical
frameworks? Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
139(4):455-462.
Pierre, J., editor. 2000. Debating governance:
authority
/media/loftslag/Kok_and_Veldkamp_editorial_ES-2011-4160.pdf
:55 and M4.0 at 06:24, both at the northeastern rim of the caldera. In total 22 earthquakes have occurred in Bárðarbunga since midnight, 14 of them at the northern rim of the caldera and 8 in the southern part. Twelve earthquakes have occurred in the dyke, the largest one ca M2.
28 September 2014 19:00 - from geoscientist on duty
No considerable changes can be seen on earthquake activity
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/articles/nr/3001