6University of Washington,
Seattle, WA 98195, USA. 7NOAA Geophysical Fluid
Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
*Author for correspondence. E-mail: cmilly@usgs.gov.
An uncertain future challenges water planners.
Published by AAAS
on July 12, 201
1
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1 FEBRUARY 2008 VOL 319 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org574
POLICYFORUM
combined with opera-
tions
/media/loftslag/Milly_etal-2008-Stationarity-dead-Science.pdf
in southern Norway (Fig.1). The glacier has a total area of 5.4 km2 and rangesin altitude from 1390 to 2090 m a.s.l. The glacierhas been mapped repeatedly, the most recent mapis from 1997. Areas calculated from the 1951 and1997 maps reveal an area reduction of about 0.4km2 in this period (Andreassen 1999). Lengthchange observations reveal a net retreat of about 60
m from 1997 to 2006 (data: NVE; e.g
/media/ces/GA_2009_91A_4_Andreassen.pdf
by the
inhabitants on a daily basis for driving between towns and villages
for work, school, hobbies or di?erent services. Public avalanche
bulletins are also published for selected areas, aimed towards the
increasing number of backcountry travellers in Iceland during
winter time. The number of human-triggered avalanches recorded
by the Meteorological O>ce has increased substantially over
/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/arsskyrslur/VI_Arsskyrsla_2018_vef.pdf
of probabilistic tephra-fallout hazard map at Hekla volcano. .................. 40
Figure 16 Total Grain Size Distribution (TGSD) for Hekla and Katla scenarios .................... 41
Figure 17 Probabilistic hazard map for an event like 1980 at Hekla. ...................................... 42
Figure 18 Wind analysis for Hekla volcano
/media/vedurstofan-utgafa-2020/VI_2020_004.pdf
) organisations.
Secondly, interviews were conducted with adaptation policy-relevant actors at each level,
targeting those actors who are involved in policy development or administration, resulting in a
total of 94 interviews across the four European countries. Each interview was conducted in
the language of the interviewee, transcribed and translated (Table 1).
Table 1: Case study selection
/media/loftslag/Keskitalo_et_al-MLG_and_adaptation_FINAL.pdf
:55 and M4.0 at 06:24, both at the northeastern rim of the caldera. In total 22 earthquakes have occurred in Bárðarbunga since midnight, 14 of them at the northern rim of the caldera and 8 in the southern part. Twelve earthquakes have occurred in the dyke, the largest one ca M2.
28 September 2014 19:00 - from geoscientist on duty
No considerable changes can be seen on earthquake activity
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/articles/nr/3001
:52 at the
northern rim of the caldera. Two other were larger than M3.0; M4.2 at 20:55 and M4.0 at
06:24, both at the northeastern rim of the caldera. In total 22 earthquakes have occurred in
Bárðarbunga since midnight, 14 of them at the northern rim of the caldera and 8 in the
southern part. Twelve earthquakes have occurred in the dyke, the largest one ca M2.
28 September 2014 19:00 - from
/media/jar/Bardarbunga-2014_September-events.pdf
:55 and M4.0 at 06:24, both at the northeastern rim of the caldera. In total 22 earthquakes have occurred in Bárðarbunga since midnight, 14 of them at the northern rim of the caldera and 8 in the southern part. Twelve earthquakes have occurred in the dyke, the largest one ca M2.
28 September 2014 19:00 - from geoscientist on duty
No considerable changes can be seen on earthquake activity
/earthquakes-and-volcanism/articles/nr/3001/
expeditions to this area were con-
ducted in 1936–1938, when a group of Swedish and Ice-
landic glaciologists measured ice flow, surface mass balance
and surface topography. They also carried out a detailed
analysis to understand the relative roles of accumulation and
melting in the total mass balance of the glacier and to estab-
lish a relationship between the climate and the advance and
retreat
/media/ces/Adalgeirsdottir-etal-tc-5-961-2011.pdf