6University of Washington,
Seattle, WA 98195, USA. 7NOAA Geophysical Fluid
Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
*Author for correspondence. E-mail: cmilly@usgs.gov.
An uncertain future challenges water planners.
Published by AAAS
on July 12, 201
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cubic kilometers of water), or a total of 540 ± 130 Gt. This corresponds
to 16 ± 4% of the volume of the glaciers around 1890. About half of this mass
was lost from 1994 to 2019 or 240 ± 20 Gt, which is about 9.6 ± 0.8 Gt / year
on average during that period. Vatnajökull has thinned by 45 m on average in
the period 1890–2019, Langjökull by 66 m and Hofsjökull by 56 m. This corresponds
/about-imo/news/new-article-on-glacier-changes-in-iceland-over-the-past-130-years
destruction of the road network; In Öræfi, up to 130 lives could be lost and 240–250 people isolated.
Chapter VII. Öræfajökull: Evacuation time modelling of areas prone to volcanogenic floods (pdf 2.96 Mb)
Pages 141–164
Emmanuel Pagneux
Short summary
A model of evacuation routes and timing for areas exposed to floods due to eruptive activity of Öræfajökull Volcano is presented. Estimates
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240 hours above the 1991 to 2020 average. The total number of
sunshine hours in Akureyri has only once been higher
in
the record, it was in 2012. The summer was exceptionally sunny in the
North and East. July was especially sunny, the sunniest on record in
Akureyri.
Figure
5: May was particularly sunny in Reykjavík, the sunniest on record,
but the summer was gloomy. The year was sunny
/about-imo/news/the-weather-in-iceland-in-2021
The hydrological simulations were performed with the Wa-
tershed Simulation and Forecasting System (WSFS) developed
and operated in the Finnish Environment Institute (Vehviläinen
et al., 2005). The WSFS is used in Finland for operational hydrolog-
ical forecasting and flood warnings (www.environment.fi/water-
forecast/), regulation planning and research purposes
(Vehviläinen and Huttunen, 1997
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